VS and PS produced clean, smooth abutment surfaces. Piezoelectric scalers with non-metal tips are suitable for use in dental implant maintenance.

This study suggests that the Vector scaler produces a smooth root surface with minimal loss of tooth substance. It is a reasonable choice for gentle periodontal maintenance treatment.

In this preliminary study, the new ultrasonic scaler and conventional ultrasonic scaler were shown to be useful for removing artificial debris and produced no significant damage to titanium surfaces compared to plastic scalers. We concluded that new and conventional ultrasonic scalers with a non-metal tip would be suitable for implant maintenance.

Since use of the Vector with polish was able to provide scaling and root planing with minimal damage and tight attachment of fibroblasts, it is suggested that this may be a useful instrument for scaling and root planing.

Angiogenesis preceded bone regeneration around critical- and non-critical-sized calvarial bone defects. Angiogenesis led to full bone formation in non-critical-sized defects.