The objective of the study has two folds: first, the study analyzes the role of country governance in tourism. Second, the study investigates the impact of tourism on the environmental quality. For this purpose, the data from 1997 to 2018 are collected from the World Bank and Global Economy. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and ordinary least square regression models are used to analyze the impact. The study finds positive impact of rule of law, control of corruption, political stability and government effectiveness on tourism. The study also finds a negative relation between tourism and environmental quality of Pakistan. The study recommends the tourism destination planners to continuously monitor their country and to work with the government towards stability and protection and safety of tourists and for the general public. The rules to control corruption must also be implemented in a blanket form. The study also recommends the researchers to promote research on the relationship between country governance and tourism. Overall, the evidence of the study provides innovative information regarding the impact of country governance on tourism and tourism on environmental quality, which political leaders, tourist analysts and policymakers can use to shape policies in order to promote the tourist industries.
Background: Construction industry is one of the most hazardous and accident prone occupation causing around 270 million accidents and 2 million deaths annually. In Pakistan reporting of incidence of occupational injuries and accidents is low. The present study aimed to determine the physical and mental health profile of construction workers in Lahore, Pakistan.
Subjects and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among construction workers in Lahore from January 2020 to September 2020. The study included 181 participants by using non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by using a self-structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Chi-square test was applied and p-value <0.05 was taken as significant to find out association with duration of occupational exposure.
Results: Maximum number of the participants 55 (30.4%).was between age group 26-35 years and 97 (53.6%) were illiterate. Among 181 participants, 112 (61.87%) were found to be hypertensive, 98 (54.1%) were drug abusers. The total duration of hours spent on work per day was reported more than 10 hours in 50 (27.6%) of the participants. A significant association was observed between duration of occupational exposure and presence of chronic illnesses (p value=0.028) and mental health issues (p=0.041). A significant association (p-value= 0.026) was also found with duration of exposure with drug abuse. Bad effect of health on job performance was reported by 97 (53.6%) of the workers and 71(39.2%) of the workers reported restricted movements after injury during occupational exposure.
Conclusion: In this study, a relatively higher prevalence of chronic diseases, injuries and stress has been reported by construction workers, negatively affecting their occupation. Significant associations are seen with duration of exposure and its impact on physical and mental health.
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