World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least 6 months interpregnancy interval after an abortion. Pakistan has a low contraceptive prevalence rate and a high unmet need for contraception. Post-abortion women are the potential clients for contraception but national data reveal low uptake of the contraceptive methods by these clients. This study aimed to explore the barriers to adopting contraception among post-abortion clients in the district of Sargodha, Pakistan. A qualitative research design was used. Study participants were recruited from three private and three public sector hospitals in the district of Sargodha, Pakistan. The study was conducted from July 2018 to November 2018. Ninety-nine in-depth interviews (IDIs) of post-abortion women were conducted using an unstructured interview guide within the period of one month after abortion. Detailed field notes were made. Interviews continued until thematic saturation had reached. The content was organized into a matrix based on themes and sub-themes. A descriptive thematic analysis using both inductive and deductive coding was conducted. Reasons for not adopting contraceptive methods were explored Although many clients expressed a desire to limit fertility, some barriers were found to be hindering the uptake of contraception. Major barriers expressed by clients were the unwillingness of the husband, the resistance of other family members and real or perceived fear of side effects of contraceptive methods. Lack of adequate knowledge about fertility and contraception was another factor which contributed to the decision not to adopt contraception. Socio-cultural norms to have large family sizes were also reported by some clients. Other barriers include religious beliefs, focus on other health issues, financial unaffordability, infrequent intercourse and plan for tubal ligation. The study concluded that without addressing the barriers post-abortion contraceptive uptake is unlikely to improve. Identification of barriers is the first step to addressing the existing unmet need for contraception.
The Aim of the research work is to find the Impact of Spiritual Intelligence and Resilience on Self-Efficacy among Nurses in the Pervaiz Ilahi Institute of Cardiology Hospital Multan. A quantitative research design used in survey method by using questionnaire to obtain data. The sample was calculated through G* Power and consisted of N = 184 nurses, data is collected from Pervaiz Ilahi Institute of Cardiology Hospital Multan. Researcher used convenient sampling techniques to collect data according to the age, income, marital status and the job level along with three scales. First scale was Karadeniz and Aydin’s (2016) Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (SI), higher level of score shows higher spiritual intelligence and the second scale was Wagnild & Young’s (1993) The Resilience Scale (RS) and higher scores indicate higher resilience. Third scale used was Paulhus’s (1997) personal efficacy scale. The results show that there is significant impact of spiritual intelligence on nurses’ resilience. In other words, spiritual intelligence predicts resilience. The results also showed that there is no significant difference, between unmarried and married nurses on the scale of spiritual intelligence, and resilience and there are no “significant differences” find in term of experiencing among nurses.
Background: Construction industry is one of the most hazardous and accident prone occupation causing around 270 million accidents and 2 million deaths annually. In Pakistan reporting of incidence of occupational injuries and accidents is low. The present study aimed to determine the physical and mental health profile of construction workers in Lahore, Pakistan. Subjects and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among construction workers in Lahore from January 2020 to September 2020. The study included 181 participants by using non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by using a self-structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Chi-square test was applied and p-value <0.05 was taken as significant to find out association with duration of occupational exposure. Results: Maximum number of the participants 55 (30.4%).was between age group 26-35 years and 97 (53.6%) were illiterate. Among 181 participants, 112 (61.87%) were found to be hypertensive, 98 (54.1%) were drug abusers. The total duration of hours spent on work per day was reported more than 10 hours in 50 (27.6%) of the participants. A significant association was observed between duration of occupational exposure and presence of chronic illnesses (p value=0.028) and mental health issues (p=0.041). A significant association (p-value= 0.026) was also found with duration of exposure with drug abuse. Bad effect of health on job performance was reported by 97 (53.6%) of the workers and 71(39.2%) of the workers reported restricted movements after injury during occupational exposure. Conclusion: In this study, a relatively higher prevalence of chronic diseases, injuries and stress has been reported by construction workers, negatively affecting their occupation. Significant associations are seen with duration of exposure and its impact on physical and mental health.
Background: Diarrhea is the second major cause of mortality in children worldwide. Timely interventions by caregivers who are mainly mothers, can contribute towards a favorable prognosis of this condition in children. Aim: The purpose of conducting this study was to assess maternal knowledge and the practices regarding prevention of diarrheal diseases in children under the age of 5 years. Setting: This study was carried out in three hospitals at Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2020 and a convenience sampling technique was used for data collection. Data was collected from 158 mothers of children under 5 years of age by using a self-structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Chi square test was applied and p-value <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: A total of 158 mothers responded to the study questionnaire; mean age of the participants was 28.4+ 7.6 years, 22.8% were illiterate, 84.2% were housewives, and 37.4% had income more than 31000 rupees/month. The majority (43.1%) had ‘poor’ knowledge, 24% had’ poor’ attitudes and practices while 12% had better practices. Significant associations were observed between mother’s knowledge with education (p-value=0.004), income (p-value=0.001), frequency of diarrhea in a child (p-value=0.053) and practices with education (p-value =0.039). Conclusion: This study showed the direct relationship between mother's literacy level and family income with better knowledge and feeding practices of children regarding prevention of diarrhea. It has highlighted the role of mothers in the management of acute diarrheal diseases.
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