Factros such as gene mutation and transfer, some inappropriate uses and diagnostics, and the prescription of antibiotics to undiagnosed patients has significantly led to the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria, which is also hampering our ability to treat infections. As the declines of new antibiotics, scientists and researchers keep trying to develop or propose some synergistic combinations of antibiotics with medicinal plants extracts in an effort to boost their antimicrobial activities against drug resistant bacteria. This work aimed to develop a cocktail regimen, which will be highly susceptible to confirmed drug resistant clinical isolate of Salmonella spp, using Tetracycline, Co-trimoxazole, Aspirin, Psidium guajava and Syzygium aromaticum extract alongside minimizing toxicity potential. Twenty-four (24) different combinations were made from 10 µg/mL of Co-trimoxazole, Tetracycline and Aspirin with each clove extract and separately again with guava extract. Eighteen (18) of them were combined in three different stages (6 each) using concentrated Tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid (H2SO4) and 0.1 Molar sodium hydroxide (NaOH), while 31 antimicrobial disks were prepared and tested on Salmonella spp. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that Scl, a stage 1 combination of Co-trimoxaazole with clove extract; Ac2, a stage 2 combination of Aspirin and clove extract; Ag2,  a stage 2 combination of Aspirin and guava leave extract were all susceptible to the confirmed resistant isolate of Salmonella spp. Ag2 had the best zone of inhibition better than Ciprofloxacin inhibition zone at 20 µg/mL. Aspirin was the best precursor drug which favourably combines with both clove and guava extract to give a desired cocktail regimen with potential antimicrobial characteristics. Hence, it is needed to identify the compounds obtained in this combinations, isolates, and purify their active principles, and subjected to other pharmacological test to ascertain if they can be used to combat multi-drug resistant bacteria and other pathogenic organisms.

Inorganic fertilizer can cause substantial environmental harm, fertilizer industries has never been involved in the valorisation of renewable resources. Residual biomass such as postharvest residues can be converted to fertilizer or substituted for some of the raw materials in fertilizer production. This study aims to develop eco-friendly and cost effective methods in which residual plant biomass can be instantaneously converted to organic fertilizer, and to compare it effect on the growth, development and yield on maize plants cultivation to NPK 20:10:5 and Rabbit manure, taking into account the organic fertilizer yield and conversion time as compared biochar and compost. Three different organic fertilizer (fertilizer A, B and C) were prepared using a combination of eleven (11) residual dry plant biomass and were formulated using calcium hydroxide, clay soil and thiourea for application on maize plant. Fertilizer C promote plant growth and development with better nutrient release compared to NPK 20:10:5, it was best when 11% by mass of thiourea was added with excellent yield above all sample used. Fertilizer C also showed higher residual organic matter compared to both NPK and manure, thus, showing that rapid and slow release of nutrient can be achieved without impacting the soil as the residual organic matter (carbon rich material) slowly decomposed. This study concluded that, the treatment given to agricultural plant residue determine its ability to be use in soil fertility and soil amendment, although there is need for more cost effective approach that will directly increase the nitrogen content in the organic fertilizer and to obtain a nutrient balance fertilizer.