In fish processing, a great amount of side streams, including skin, bones, heads and viscera, is wasted or downgraded as feed on a daily basis. These side streams are rich sources of bioactive nitrogenous compounds and protein, which can be converted into peptides through enzymatic hydrolysis as well as bacterial fermentation. Peptides are short or long chains of amino acids differing in structure and molecular weight. They can be considered as biologically active as they can contribute to physiological functions in organisms with applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In the food industry, such bioactive peptides can be used as preservatives or antioxidants to prevent food spoilage. Furthermore, peptides contain several functional qualities that can be exploited as tools in modifying food ingredient solubility, water-holding and fat-binding capacity and gel formation. In the pharmaceutical industry, peptides can be used as antioxidants, but also as antihypertensive, anticoagulant and immunomodulatory compounds, amongst other functions. On the basis of their properties, peptides can thus be used in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. This review focuses on the bioactive peptides derived from seafood side streams and discusses their technological properties, biological activities and applications.

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Aquaculture is a developing sector in Pakistan. Aquaculture based on river and seas and Pakistan has both these sources of water. In Pakistan Arabian sea exist in Karachi (Sindh) and Gwadar (Baluchistan). Karachi is a big city and known as backbone of Pakistan. There are two ports are available on Karachi coastline Karachi port and port Bin Qasim. Because Karachi is an industrial city so there are many climatic variability occur in Karachi due to global warming. Excretion of wastes in marine water also badly effected aquaculture production. Due to global warming there are many climatic factors can be changed including temperature, rainy days, humidity, precipitation and sunny days. Due to lack of rain Aquaculture also can be effected by drought in Karachi. In this article we observed effects of climatic changings on Aquaculture production in Karachi Pakistan. It was found that Precipitation have highest value of standard deviation as compared to all other varible factors. According to regression analysis values, it was concluded that only sunny days actual values are closer to predicted values to some extent.

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Pathogenic microorganisms have been so far reported to contaminate a wide range of foods triggering food borne infections or intoxications including the enteric complications, abdominal pain, fever, bloodstream infection etc. The current study was attempted to observe the microbiological quality of some popular foods collected from different places of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Conventional cultural, microscopic and biochemical tests were followed for the detection and enumeration of bacterial isolates associated with these food samples. The investigation encompassed detection of total viable bacterial count (TVBC) and presumptive identification of other pathogenic bacteria from these samples. Higher counts of TVBC, coliform, Staphylococcus spp. and fungal load were recorded as 1.46×107 CFU/g (yogurt 1), 4.5×106 CFU/g (yogurt 1), 5.6×105 CFU/g (raw meat) and 2.9×103 CFU/g (sea fish), respectively. Fecal coliform was detected only in one out of ten samples. On the contrary Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., Shigella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were completely absent. The antibiogram study showed that all the isolates were sensitive against Kanamycin and Azithromycin. Better sensitivity was also observed against Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacin. Varying degree of antibiotic resistance was also detected against Cefixime, Amikacin and Neomycin. Our study emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring of the various categories of food samples for the safety of public health.

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Anthocyanins are secondary metabolic products made by plants; they are ubiquitous in nature. Anthocyanins are pigments that are soluble in water. Therefore they are widely used in food industry as food colorants. This is advantageous as the food regulatory, food safety and food processing guidelines emphasize the reduction in the use of artificial food colorants. In some cases, for example in the United States, the consumption of anthocyanins has been reported to be 12.5 mg day−1 approximately. Several cereals, such as colored wheat, purple corn, colored barley and red rice are regarded as functional raw materials and natural colorants, thanks to their high anthocyanin content. The composition and content of anthocyanins in pigmented cereals are affected by various abiotic and biotic stresses, such as environmental factors (primarily UV-B light). Increased biotic and abiotic stresses on plants results in the production of anthocyanins. In humans, these anthocyanins have health-promoting properties. Consequently there has been an increase in demand for anthocyanins. As technology advances, instruments such as liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are widely used to identify and quantify anthocyanins in colored cereals. This chapter will provide an in-depth discussion on the composition and measurement of anthocyanins in colored cereals.