Background: Hemorrhoidal disease is most frequently encountered in proctology affection; it is defined by signs or symptoms attributed to hemorrhoids. Its pathogenesis is based on old theories and vascular mechanical which are nevertheless based on the current therapeutic approach. General Aim of the Study: To study haemorrhoids' pathology in order to improve its management. Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of two (2) years from 1

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect all segments of the digestive tract. For long time, it is a pathology considered to be uncommon among African blacks. It constitutes a heterogeneous group both in its etiopathogenesis and in its clinical and progressive presentation. The pseudotumoral form remains exceptional. We report a case of this form, observed in a 44-year-old patient. The pseudotumoral form of colonic Crohn's disease was diagnosed based on morphological, histological and progression criteria. This illustrates the need for multiple and repeated biopsies to eliminate malignant tumor, tuberculosis, intestinal parasitosis and other causes of digestive granulomatosis.

Introduction: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common non-epithelial, mesenchymal tumor of the digestive tract. Targeted therapy has improved the prognosis but the diagnosis must be accurate before using the existing drugs. Aim: To report the diagnostic difficulty in our context through the clinical polymorphism and define the position of targeted therapy in the management of GIST metastatic stomach. Casuistry: We report 3 cases of gastric GIST with liver metastasis in different circumstances of discovery. Patients were 21, 45, and 73 years old. Discovery circumstances were respectively digestive hemorrhage, severe clinical anemia, abdominal tumor and gastric tumor. There was hepatic metastasis in the three cases. The three patients received Imatinib treatment, adjuvant treatment for the first two cases, and neo-adjuvant treatment for the third case, with a very good clinical response and CT response on metastases. Conclusion: Because of their rarity, GISTs are often difficult to diagnose, and necessarily require immunohistochemistry which is not available in our work context. The effectiveness of targeted therapy even on metastasis needs a rigorous diagnostic approach to improve patient survival.

Background: In 2005, the World Health Assembly asked member states to develop effective strategies and programs to reduce the negative consequences of harmful use of alcohol. To develop effective policies, we must already understand the phenomenon of alcohol consumption. But in Francophone west Africa, there are very few studies on the prevalence of alcohol, consumption patterns and factors associated with this consumption. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use in schools in Burkina Faso and to identify socio-demographic factors associated with episodes of "heavy drinking". Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2013 in six secondary schools of Bobo-Dioulasso. Three hundred and sixty-two students randomly drawn by stratified cluster sampling were interviewed by using a self-administered questionnaire adapted from the model ESPAD and WHO AUDIT questionnaire. HED (Heavy Episodic Drinking) was defined as consuming at least six local measures of alcoholic beverages around the 30 days prior investigation. The search for factors was performed using logistic regression and estimating standard errors were adjusted for clustering data. Results: The prevalence of experimentation of alcohol was estimated to 45.6% [CI 95% = 40.4 -50.7]. This prevalence was reduced to 34.8% [CI 95% = 29.9 -39.7], 24.3% [CI 95% = 19.9 -28.7] and 18% [CI 95% = 14 -21.9] if one considered the use of alcohol at least once respectively in the 12 months, 30 days and 7 days before the survey. The prevalence of HED was 16% [CI95% = 12.2 -19.8]. Independent factors associated with the HED were alcohol use by parents or friends and father's occupation. Episodes of "heavy drinking" were 8.3 (CI 95% = 4.9 -14) and 2.8 (CI 95% = 1.3 -5.8) respec-How to cite this paper: KouraM. Koura et al. 188 tively more frequent among students whose parents and friends were drinking. Neither religion nor sex nor age was not statistically associated with HED. Conclusion: This study confirms the high prevalence of alcohol consumption in schools in Burkina Faso and challenges policy makers to adopt effective policies to fight against the harmful use of alcohol especially in schools.

Viral hepatitis B and C are universal public health problems. Burkina Faso is a high endemic area for hepatitis B. Patients with sickle cell disease are at risk. The aim of this study was to investigate and quantify the serological markers of viral hepatitis B and C among pediatric patients with sickle cell disease. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, which took place from July to November 2014 at the Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Bobo- Dioulasso. The study included 44 SS and 26 SC sickle cell patients. General data (age, gender) and medical information (vaccinations, medical history including transfusion) were collected. Blood samples were taken for research and titration of serological markers of hepatitis viruses B and C with a commercial Elisa test on the ARCHITECT i1000® automat of Abbott Laboratories. The mean age of the patients was 7.98 years. Seventeen patients (13 SS and SC 4) had already been transfused at least once. The transfusion rate was significantly higher among the SS patients than among SC (29.5% and 15.3% respectively) patients. No patient with HBs Ag was been found. In two patients, the anti-HBc Ab was found alone. In 33% of cases, no markers of hepatitis B were found. Less than 20% of children fully vaccinated (N = 45) had a protective level of anti-HBs Ab (greater than 10 IU/l). The prevalence of anti-VHC Ab was 2.8%. No case of HBV-HCV co-infection was found. The prevention of infection is an important part of the management of sickle cell patients. Immunization against hepatitis B should be systematic. The results of this study assume that blood safety was good.

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is an excellent way for the diagnosis of high digestive pathology. We report the results of 1022 upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed at Bobo-Dioulasso CHU-SS, in western Burkina Faso (West Africa). The aim of this study was to document the indications and lesions found in high endoscopy at the CHUSS. Patients and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study, prospective to describe the results of gastroscopy performed from 1st January 2015 to 30th June 2016 at the digestive endoscopy unit CHU-Souro Sanou Bobo-Dioulasso. Results: In the study period, 1022 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies were performed. The main indications were: The epigastric pain (48.6%), portal hypertension (10.7%) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (9.9%). The pathologies observed were dominated by gastropathies (48.11%), peptic ulcer (27%) and oesophageal varices (9.68%). Epigastralgias were the main circumstance for the discovery of: 52.3% of esophagitis, 49.17% of gastropathies and 46.12% of peptic ulcers. Histopathologically, the results of the 236 biopsies were dominated by gastritis (88.56%), stomach cancers (7.63%) and esophagus (3.81%). Conclusion: The main indication of the UGIE at the CHU-Souro Sanou in Bobo-Dioulasso was epigastralgia. The pathologies observed were dominated by gastropathy, esophagitis

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In this paper, we investigate the derivations in evolution algebras that are power-associative. This problem is reduced to that of power-associative evolution nilalgebras. We show how to calculate derivations in decomposable algebras. This caculation shows that it is enough to describe derivations in indecomposable evolution algebras. We first determine the derivation algebra of n-dimensional indecomposable associative evolution nilalgebras with one-dimensional annihilator. We describe the derivation algebra of indecomposable nilalgebras, up to dimension 6, that are associative or not. In each cases, we give the commutator of two derivations. We also describe the ideal of inner derivation. les dérivations de E est une algèbre de Lie, appelée algèbre de Lie des dérivations, où le crochet deDans la théorie des algèbres non-associatives, l'algèbre de Lie des dérivations d'une algèbre E est un outil très important pourétudier la structure de l'algèbre.Dans [13, Theorem 4.1], les Auteurs trouvent la conditions sous laquelle une algèbre génétique de dimension 2 s'identifieà une algèbre d'évolution puis, ils prouvent l'existence d'une dérivation non-triviale dans les algèbres génétiques en dimension 2 [13, Corrolary 5.2].Dans [2], les Auteurs décrivent les dérivations dans les algèbres d'évolution nilpotentes et resolubles en dimension 3. Ils décrivent aussi les dérivations dans les sous-algèbres d'évolution complexes de dimension 2.Dans [6], les Auteursétudient les dérivations des algèbres d'évolution de dimension n, lorsque le rang de la matrice des constantes de structures est n − 1 ou n.Dans la section 2, nous montrons qu'il est suffisant de caractèriser les dérivations dans les nil-algèbres d'évolutionà puissances associatives puis nous caractérisons les dérivations dans les nil-algèbres d'évolution décomposableà puissances associatives.Dans la section 3, nous caractérisons les dérivations dans les nil-algèbres d'évolution décomposables a puissances associatives.Dans la section 4, nousétudions les dérivations dans les nil-algèbres d'évolution indécomposable et associatives.Dans la section 5, nous décrivons les dérivations dans les nil-algèbres d'évolution indécomposablè a puissances associatives et qui ne sont pas associatives. PréliminairesSoient K un corps commutatif et E une K-algèbre commutative. On définit par R a : E −→ E, x −→ xa la multiplicationà droite par l'élément a de E. On note R(E) l'ensemble des multiplicationsà droite de E. Soit L(E) l'algèbre de Lie des transformations de E. Définition 2.0.1. Une dérivation d de E est dite intérieure si d ∈ L(E). On note I(E) = D(E) ∩ L(E), l'ensemble des dérivations intérieures de E. C'est un idéal de l'algèbre des dérivations D(E). Dans les cas où l'algèbre E est associative (resp. de Jordan) L(E) = R(E) (resp. L(E) = R(E) + [R(E), R(E)]) [15].Les puissances principales d'unélément a ∈ E sont définies par a 1 = a et a k+1 = a k a tandis que celles de E sont définies par E 1 = E, E k+1 = E k E (k ≥ 1).Définition 2.0.2. On dira que l'algèbre E est : i) nilpotente ...