The article aims to identify modern technological solutions in the field of automation and robotization of business processes that change the way hotel enterprises operate in the face of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the research problem was expressed in the form of a question: what tools favor the dynamic digital transformation of hotel functioning models and the implementation of the paradigm of intelligent and autonomous entities operating in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic on the hotel market? During the empirical research, the use and implementation of new solutions in the field of innovative technologies supporting the optimization of processes taking place in hotel enterprises were considered. In addition, technologies and tools were identified that are considered strategic from the perspective of implementing the concept of an autonomous hotel carried out under the influence of the crisis related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the specific purpose of the article, a survey was conducted using the questionnaire method with the Computer Assisted Web Interview technique alongside a self-developed questionnaire. The survey was carried out in June-September 2021 among 462 representatives of hotel companies operating in the three-, four- and five-star standards. The results of the diagnostic survey were statistically analyzed using the Statistica and RStudio software packages. To interpret the obtained data, the descriptive method, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were used. As a result of the conducted research, it was noticed that the COVID-19 pandemic obligated hotels to automate processes that made it possible to connect devices within digital ecosystems and to optimize processes inside vertical and horizontal value chains. Such activities enabled the creation of a new model of hotel functioning referred to as an autonomous enterprise. Nowadays, one of the most important strategic behaviors of hotel entities is the ability to quickly counteract crises resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the related choice of the right course of action, as well as the ability to immediately make the right decisions. The research results may motivate the implementation of new technologies in the area of transforming and developing digital business models by hotels. The issues presented in the article are an attempt to fill the gap by pointing out practical experiences related to the use of individual technological solutions and their effectiveness in process automation and implementation of autonomous models of functioning of entities in the hotel services sector.
This article aims to present changes in the use of electricity by service companies, resulting from regulations within the framework of increasing energy efficiency from the perspective of the implementation of the European Green Deal strategy. To achieve the above goal, the following research question was formulated: to what extent did the COVID-19 pandemic affect the implementation of energy transformation and electricity consumption among the surveyed group of recipients? It should be noted that, so far in the global environment, more and more electricity has been used every year, and this tendency is still continuous and growing. Therefore, in European Union countries, measures have been taken to balance demand and its rational use, resulting from the implementation of the European Green Deal strategy. According to the strategic goal of the indicated policy, EU countries are obliged to implement a sequence of actions enabling their transformation into a modern, resource-efficient, and competitive economy. In particular, the strategy aims to achieve three main goals: 1. Achieving climate neutrality by reducing net greenhouse gas emissions to zero in 2050; 2. Decoupling economic growth from the consumption of natural resources; and 3. Striving for an equal standard of living in all countries. Therefore, the behavior of individual countries should focus on providing the required amount of energy to ensure socioeconomic growth while reducing pollution and environmental devastation caused by traditional methods of energy production and use. There are numerous talks and debates about the defined tasks and mechanisms leading to the achievement of the indicated goals, in which hardly any mention is made of the methods of monitoring the progress and evaluation of individual projects at the stage of building a new green deal. This study aims to fill the research gap observed in the current state of knowledge on energy management in EU countries from the perspective of the European Green Deal strategy and changes in its management resulting from the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, in line with the aim of the article: 1. Factors influencing electricity consumption in service enterprises operating in EU countries were indicated; 2. Energy consumption variability in these entities was determined; and 3. The correlation between electricity consumption and GDP growth in the service sector located in EU countries was indicated. Therefore, a hybrid research method was used to analyze the data obtained from the databases of Eurostat and Statistics Poland, which consisted of the following analyses: diagnostic-descriptive, main components, and wavelet transform. Based on the conducted research, it should be concluded that energy consumption among service companies operating in the EU market is conditioned by three sources of causes along with the relevant consumption factors. The first group includes energy and technical premises, along with technological determinants. The second is shaped by financial and economic motives, which include socioeconomic factors. The third group is related to environmental sources represented by the natural environment and geographic and meteorological factors. The increase in electricity consumption in service enterprises is related to the average GDP growth of EU countries following a two-way cause-and-effect relationship implemented until 2019. Nevertheless, since 2020, there has been a noticeable decrease in energy consumption by 14.01% by service entities, which results from the limitations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of the European Green Deal strategy. Meanwhile, the structure of electricity consumption growth was dominated by industrial enterprises (increased by 37.7%) and individual consumers (increased by 7.8%). The results of the research may motivate the managers of EU countries and enterprises to analyze the factors of energy consumption, its variability, and dependence on economic growth, which contribute to determining the forecast of future energy demand, in connection with the ongoing energy transformation resulting from the implementation of the European Green Deal strategy, and economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The issues presented in this article are an attempt to fill the gap indicating practical experience related to the process of electricity management and management in the political, economic, and technological dimensions from the perspective of implementing the European Green Deal strategy and the conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Wstęp: Przedmiotem badań była ocena fizykomechanicznych właściwości bioceramiki hydroksyapatytowej (HAp) natryskiwanej plazmowo na podłoże tytanowe typu Ti-grade 2 (CP-Ti). Ten sposób nanoszenia powłoki wykorzystywany jest w procesie nakładania warstw na implanty dla lepszego związania ich z tkanką kostną. Materiał i metody: W celu przeprowadzenia badania przygotowano hydroksyapatyt według technologii chemii mokrej przez wydzielenie z roztworu substancji w postaci stałej. Następnie opracowano podłoże tytanowe, na które naniesiono hydroksyapatyt techniką natryskiwania plazmowego. Wyniki: Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają stwierdzić, iż właściwości otrzymanej powłoki mogą być wykorzystywane do pokrycia dużych powierzchni implantów o dowolnym kształcie. Wnioski: Podczas badań dotyczących fizykomechanicznych parametrów hydroksyapatytowych powłok odnotowano, iż wykazują one wystarczające właściwości mechaniczne do stosowania w implantologii. Dalszym celem badań będzie właściwy dobór technologicznych parametrów natrysku powłok, który pozwoli zwiększyć adhezje i kohezje powłok HAp.
The purpose of this study is to present the hotel staff’s opinions on the competences needed to build and develop sustainable intercultural relationships in global hotel corporations. The data was collected among 148 hotel staff from the departments dealing with buyers and contractors. The study was conducted using a questionnaire and a diagnostic poll, during which the author’s questionnaire was applied. The results of the analysis have confirmed that among the most developed competences employees have is the ability to build intercultural relationships, communicate and speak foreign languages and tolerate diversity. The research shows that hotels strive to gain competitive advantage by developing intercultural competencies, which allow them to build sustainable relationships.
Streszczenie. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja stosowanych przez niezależne hotele strategii niszy rynkowej, wykorzystywanych w walce konkurencyjnej z globalnymi koncernami. Badania zostały przeprowadzone za pomocą kwestionariusza ankiety skierowanego do niezależnych przedsiębiorstw hotelowych funkcjonujących na rynku polskim. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że małe podmioty zauważają luki rynkowe, w których plasują nowe rodzaje usług, dostosowane do wymagań nabywców. Tym samym stosują głównie strategię konkurencji, polegającą na koncentracji, lub strategię hybrydową. Interpretacja wyników podjętych badań pozwala na stwierdzenie, że podejmowane przez małe hotele strategie funkcjonowania w niszy stanowią skuteczną metodę walki konkurencyjnej o udział w danym segmencie rynku.Słowa kluczowe: luka rynkowa, strategie niszy rynkowej, hotelarstwo, niezależne hotele, globalizacja MARKET NICHE STRATEGIES OF INDEPENDENT HOTEL COMPANIES UNDER MARKET GLOBALISATION CONDITIONSAbstract. The aim of the paper is to identify the market niche strategies applied by independent hotels to competitive struggle with global concerns. The research was conducted using a survey questionnaire addressed to independent hotel companies operating on the Polish market. The results of the research showed that small entities find market gaps, in which they develop new types of services tailored to the requirements of buyers. Thus, they mainly apply the competition strategy based on concentration or hybrid strategy. The interpretation of the research allows us to conclude that the strategies of operating in a niche implemented by small hotels are an effective method of competitive struggle for sharing a particular market segment.
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