Biofilm-mediated infections in the hospital environment have a significant negative impact on patient health. This study aimed to investigate biofilm production in vitro and the presence of icaABCD genes in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains isolated from hospitalized patients. MRSA (73) and MSSA (57) strains were evaluated for biofilm production by the microtiter plate method. The presence of ica operon was investigated by PCR. Out of 130 strains, 99.2% were biofilm producers. Strong biofilms were formed by 39.7% of MRSA and 36.8% of MSSA strains. The highest percentage of strong biofilm producers was found among the strains isolated from sputum and tracheostomy tube (66.7%), nose and catheter (50%), throat (44.4%), and bronchoalveolar washings (43.8%). The strains isolated from bronchoalveolar washings produced significantly more biofilm than strains isolated from wound and anus. The ability of biofilm forming by fecal strains was significantly lower compared to strains from other materials. MRSA strains had significantly higher ability of biofilm formation than MSSA strains (P = 0.000247). The presence of ica operon in MRSA was detected in all strains. Comparison of strong biofilm biomass of the strains with icaABCD, icaABD, and icaAD revealed that strains with icaABCD and icaABD produced highly significantly more biofilm than strains with icaAD. Biofilm forming by both MRSA and MSSA strains indicates high ability of theses strains to persist in hospital environment which increases the risk of disease development in hospitalized patients.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from clinical samples from patients hospitalized during 2015–2017 in hospitals of ­Masovian district in Poland. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial resistance of 112 MRSA isolates was tested with a disc diffusion method. Isolates were examined for methicillin resistance using a 30 µg cefoxitin disk. Resistance was confirmed by PCR detection of the mecA gene. PCR was also used to determine spa gene polymorphism in X-region. Results: A large number of MRSA isolates showed resistance to levofloxacin (83.9%), ciprofloxacin (83%), erythromycin (77.7%) and clindamycin (72.3%). A lower number of MRSA isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (10.7%), amikacin (14.2%), gentamicin and trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole (8.0%). None of the MRSA isolates were resistant to linezolid and teicoplanin. Among MRSA isolates, 92.9% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was the most common resistance pattern among MDR MRSA isolates. The highest number of isolates was resistant to 4 groups of antimicrobials (53.8%). The number of drugs to which MRSA isolates were resistant in 2017 was significantly higher than that in 2016 (p = 0.002). The size polymorphism analysis of X fragment of the spa gene revealed high genetic diversity of the investigated group MRSA isolates. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that in the hospital environment, MRSA isolates can quickly acquire new antimicrobial resistance determinants and that knowledge of current resistance patterns is important for the effective treatment of infections caused by MDR MRSA.

Background/aim: Escherichia coli is the most frequent cause of urinary tract infections. We investigated the possible associations between the origin of strains, antimicrobial resistance, the presence of urovirulence factors, and biofilm-forming ability.Materials and methods: Antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli strains was tested by disk diffusion method. Hemagglutination assays were performed for phenotypic characterization of the cell surface. Multiplex PCR was used for detection of virulence genes and for determination of phylogenetic relationships. Results:The resistance to ampicillin (55.5%) and tetracycline (39.3%) was significantly more frequent than to other antimicrobial agents. The fim gene was present in 92.5% of strains. The sfa and pap genes were found in 53.8% and 38.7% of strains, respectively. The pap gene was significantly less frequently detected in strains from dialysis patients. The hly gene was present in 18.5% of strains. The aer gene was detected in 52.6% and cnf in 12.1%, while afa was detected in 4.6% of strains. Most strains belonged to the B2 and D phylogenetic groups. The aer gene was significantly associated with strains producing strong biofilms. Conclusion:The E. coli strains causing cystitis in hospitalized patients differed in terms of resistance to antibiotics, virulence genes, and potential for biofilm formation.

Analysis of Lamiaceae essential oils (EOs) by GC-FID-MS revealed the presence as the major constituents of linalool (16.8%), linalyl acetate (15.7%) in Lavandula angustifolia, menthol (29.0%), menthone (22.7%), menthyl acetate (19.2%) in Mentha x piperita, terpinen-4-ol (27.1%), (E)-sabinene hydrate (12.1%), γ-terpinene (10.0%) in Origanum majorana, α-thujone (19.5%), camphor (19.0%), viridiflorol (13.5%) in Salvia officinalis, thymol (61.9%), p-cymene (10.0%), γ-terpinene (10.0%) in Thymus vulgaris. Based on the MIC and MBC values (0.09-0.78 mg/mL) and ratio MBC/MIC showed that EO from T. vulgaris (TO) had the strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial cells were total killed by TO at 2MIC concentration after 6 h. The higher concentrations of other EOs were needed to achieve bactericidal effects. The strong bactericidal effect of TO against these bacteria indicates the possibility of topical use of TO but it requires research under clinical conditions.

Background/aim: Biofilm on urinary catheters results in persistent infections that are resistant to antibiotics. In this study, phytochemicals were assessed as alternative antimicrobials in preventing and inactivating E. coli biofilm on urinary catheters.Materials and methods: Biofilm prevention was tested using catheter fragments inoculated with E. coli and treated with transcinnamaldehyde, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids (0%, 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) for 0, 1, 3, and 5 days. Inactivation of E. coli biofilm with the same agents at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 1.25%, or 1.5% used for 0, 1, 3, or 5 days was also evaluated.Results: All used concentrations of trans-cinnamaldehyde prevented and effectively inactivated E. coli biofilm formed on urinary catheter fragments. p-Coumaric (0.25% and 0.5%) and ferulic acids (0.5%) had preventive action on E. coli biofilm formation in urinary catheter fragments. The number of uropathogenic E. coli cells in biofilm formed in the lumen of a urinary catheter was significantly reduced in the presence of p-coumaric and ferulic acids, but complete inactivation of the biofilm formed was not observed, as opposed to the use of trans-cinnamaldehyde. Conclusion:The obtained results indicate that phytochemicals may be an important source of antibiofilm agents that have preventive action on E. coli biofilm formation on urinary catheters.