AUTHORITARIAN LAWS OF NATURE? SEVERAL NOTES ON THE NEGATIVE POTENTIAL OF POSITIVE CONCEPTSThe article presents authors’ reflection upon the problem of the law of nature. In the literature on the subject, there is adominant opinion that the natural law is atype of amatrix, which should be duplicated by the legislator in order to prevent unfair laws. Following the Latin maxim: “Lex iniusta non est lex” “Unfair law is not alaw”, legislator must take into account all non-specified norms of the higher order. According to the authors of this article, in the modern times the natural law rationalism is rather apparent, and its religious foundations will not necessarily be accepted in the culturally plural [multicultural?] society.
<p>Porządek i hierarchia są podstawowymi elementami myśli średniowiecznej. Pozostawanie jednostki na właściwym dla niej miejscu i sumienne wywiązywanie się z przyjętych na siebie obowiązków jest zatem gwarantem porządku społecznego. <em>Ordo</em> zakorzenione jest w hierarchii, zasadza się bowiem na uporządkowaniu bytów w kolejności określonej stopniami (<em>gradus</em>) drabiny społecznej. Pozostawanie każdego na wyznaczonym mu miejscu – parafrazując słowa św. Augustyna – stanowi mediewistyczne <em>conditio</em> <em>sine qua non</em> ładu, bezpieczeństwa i spokoju społecznego. Zdaniem autorki problematyka <em>ordo</em> kształtuje się dwutorowo: jako gradacja stanowa uwarunkowana głównie podziałem pracy oraz jako <em>ordo universalis</em>, czyli porządkiem jako takim, uporządkowaniem prowadzącym wprost do hierarchii bytów stworzonych przez Boga.</p>
<p>The article is an analysis of the complex position of the Catholic Church on the problem of environmental protection. The author follows the evolution of views, initially of contributory significance, as a result of the vision of man as God’s creation functioning in the world also created by God. A large part of the article addresses the doctrinal revolution of Pope Francis contained in the encyclical <em>Laudato si’</em> and an attempt to answer the question: How did this happen?</p>
A just war, not a holy war: medieval concepts of armed conflictThe aim of the article is to point out that medieval thinkers, when referring to holy wars or just righteous wars, did not seek to justify armed conflicts. The authors hereof claim that the activities of philosophers of the Middle Ages were aimed at restricting armed conflicts and focused on making the hostilities more humanitarian. Therefore, a “just war” was a war guarded by a number of preconditions which constituted a mandatory condition. The idea of a just war was rooted in the biblical tradition mainly in the New Testament and in the ancient legal thought. The medieval concept of war affected, among other things, the formation of the knight’s ethos and habits of war.
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