Research background: In the era of the digital revolution, the Internet, automation and robotisation, new industrial relations and dynamic interactions among different stakeholders are giving rise to new opportunities and challenges. The changes associated with the enforcement of the ?Industry 4.0? concept require adaptation to these developments at different levels of the economy and society in order to support digital transformation. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to measure and assess the impact of digital transformation on European countries (EU). The comparative analysis of technological development in EU countries includes three dimensions: the digitalisation of society (Society 4.0), the ability of the economy to face the challenges of technological development (Economy 4.0), as well as the exploitation of ICT in companies (Companies 4.0). Methods: The empirical section of the article was built on a two-stage analytical approach: (a) cluster analysis methods to assess differences and similarities between EU countries (Hierarchical Cluster and K-Means Cluster) and (b) the multi-criteria decision-making method (TOPSIS) to rank countries according to the adopted evaluation criteria. For the purposes of this analysis, data from the Eurostat database have been applied. Findings & value added: The results of this analysis demonstrate the impact of technological transformation on the economy and society in EU countries grouped according to a similar level of development, such as countries with high, medium and low performance. This has contributed to indicating the cohesion in technological development achieved by each country group and to recognising the digitalisation gap between EU Member States. The novelty of this study consists in applying the multi-stage, multi-criteria analysis based on cluster analysis and the TOPSIS method, as well as the comparative analysis of the impact of technological developments on the societies and economies of EU countries. This paper extends similar studies by focusing on the application of a broad range of indicators regarding a holistic perspective including three dimensions: societies, economies and companies. The results provide valuable insights into evaluating the technological progress in European countries.
Uwarunkowania rozwoju współczesnej gospodarki wiążą się z procesami globalizacyjnymi. Jednym z kluczowych elementów takiej gospodarki są migracje. Decyzja o emigracji wymaga przełamania wielu barier, podjęcia ryzyka. Wyzwaniem staje się funkcjonowanie w nowych warunkach społeczno-gospodarczych, gdzie każde podjęte działanie nacechowane jest innowacyjnością. Można postawić tezę, że działania takie wymagają od emigrantów rozwiniętych zachowań przedsiębiorczych. Połączenie zjawisk, takich jak migracje i przedsiębiorczość, a w konsekwencji analiza przedsiębiorczości imigrantów staje się interesującym polem badawczym. Celem głównym opracowania jest analiza zjawiska przedsiębiorczości wśród imigrantów oraz określenie istotnych obszarów dla dalszych prac badawczych. W ramach tak określonego celu poruszono zagadnienia odnoszące się do zachowań przedsiębiorczych oraz problematyki migracji. Dla potrzeb realizacji celu wykorzystano dostępną literaturę przedmiotu. Odczuwa się pewien niedosyt w zakresie prowadzonych badań, szczególnie pogłębionych, kompleksowych. W niektórych krajach (np. Grecja) można zauważyć wyższy wskaźnik samozatrudnienie wśród rdzennych mieszkańców, natomiast w innych (np. Polska) wśród imigrantów. Można przypuszczać, że na taki obraz mają wpływ z jednej strony bariery przedsiębiorcze dla emigrantów (kapitał, ograniczenia formalno-prawne), a z drugiej skłonność rodzimych mieszkańców do prowadzenia własnej firmy. Powstaje pytanie, na ile te różnice są wynikiem zachowań przedsiębiorczych, ograniczeń formalno-prawnych, wymuszonej przedsiębiorczości. Poznanie motywów migracji wśród przedsiębiorców imigrantów, z uwzględnieniem narodowości imigrantów oraz branży, w której działają w poszczególnych krajach, pozwoliłoby na formułowanie precyzyjnych wniosków.
In European Union there has been growing interest in education in the area of entrepreneur-ship. Programs and agendas present the ideas for training in entrepreneurial attitude for groupsof different age. This paper is a contribution to the research on entrepreneurial attitude amongyoung people. The article is based on survey conducted at Cracow University of Economicsamong the third year students who attended to the academic course of entrepreneurship. The ar-ticle synthesizes students opinions, experience and plans for the nearest future. The maininterest of the research is whether the young people already consider being entrepreneur as a pathfor professional career.
The regional knowledge laboratory, being a part of the regional innovation system, impacts the regional innovation potential of regional firms, especially SMEs. Diffusion of innovations consists of the penetration of innovative solutions into the whole social and economic system, the result of which is a change in its functioning and overall development. The process of diffusion of innovations in a sense forces the innovativeness of the competing enterprises by necessitating their adaptation to the changing conditions of the environment. Diffusion of innovations is a determinant of the growth and development of enterprises, especially those of the SME sector. The paper is an attempt to empirically verifythe dependence between the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and the innovative potential of the studied region. Due to utilitarian reasons, the region was defined in accordance with the European statistical terminology (NUTS1-regions in the total number of 6) as the area of two administration regions (NUTS2-voivodeships in the total number of 16): małopolskie and śląskie, which makes of one statistical regional (PL2-Southern Region of Poland). The empirical material was based on a random sample of 109 micro, small and medium-sized enterprises located in the studied region. With the use of computer statistical tools, the hypothesis made in the paper was confirmed, namely that the level of commercialization of knowledge and the transfer of technology in the studied region influences the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
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