Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the compliance of hand hygiene among dental health care professionals, to access different variables associated with hand hygiene and to identify possible ways of improving hand hygiene compliance. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done to access the hand hygiene compliance, knowledge and practice of dental house officers in public dental institutes using a questionnaire developed by the authors. Descriptive statistics and chi square test were performed and a P value <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: 88 dental house officers working in different clinical departments participated in this study. 90% of the respondents believed that hand hygiene plays an important role in cross infection control. More than two-third were aware of all the steps recommended for hand washing, but more than half were not following them. 60% of the respondents wash their hands before and after touching each patient. However, 30% wash hands after each patient and 10% only wash hands before touching every patient. Fifty-five (55.8%) of the participants routinely use alcohol-based rub for hand hygiene. There was a significant difference regarding hand hygiene training among different departments. (p<0.001) Majority of house officers working in prosthodontics and surgery had not received hand hygiene training. Conclusion: Hand hygiene compliance is found to be acceptable when compared with developing countries. However, there was lack in knowledge. Dental graduates should be made aware of CDC and ADA guidelines. Better facilities and instruction for dental students should be encouraged. Hand hygiene quality needs to be improved on an urgent basis. Keywords: Hand Hygiene, Dental Health, Hand Washing, Bacteria

Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and attitude of dental students towards hepatitis B infection. Study Design: A Cross Sectional Study (survey).

Introduction: Erosion is an escalating problem in all age groups. Dental erosioncan be defined as painless irreversible loss of dental hard tissue due to chemical processwithout the involvement of microorganisms. There are several causes of erosion includingacidic foods and drinks. They are not only harmful to teeth but it is one of the main causes offailure of restoration. Erosion is one of the main challenges to restorative materials. Therefore,the restorative materials used in the mouth should resist or show minimal change in thesesituations. A variety of restorative materials are currently recommended for erosive lesions,including resin modified glass ionomer cement, resin composite and amalgam. Each materialhas its own advantages and disadvantages, which are considered before selecting them asrestorative materials. Objectives: To compare the surface micro-hardness of three restorativematerials when exposed to three acidic beverages and distilled water. Study design: This wasan experimental study. Setting: de’Montmorency College of dentistry in collaboration withPakistan council of scientific and industrial research (PCSIR) Lahore. Period: 6 months, Nov2014- April 2015. Material & Methods: Ninety six disc specimens prepared with resin modifiedglass ionomer, resin composite and amalgam restorative materials. The initial surface microhardnesstest was carried out at 1 day after mixing (before immersion) using micro-hardnesstesting machine. After base line study of micro-hardness the material specimens were subjectedto one of the storage media which was comprised of cola, apple juice, orange juice and distilledwater as control. Quantitative assessment of final surface micro-hardness was done at 2, 5 and7 days after immersion. The values obtained as base line and final vickers hardness number(VHN) for each specimen were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Exposure to acidicbeverages decreased the surface micro-hardness of all the three restorative materials (P<0.05),while distal water did not affect the surface micro-hardness of any material. The resin modifiedGIC showed greatest reduction in surface micro-hardness as compared to Amalgam and ResinComposite. The cola produced the greatest degradation effect. Conclusion: Selection ofrestorative materials should be considered in patients with tooth surface loss, especially thosewith high risk for erosive conditions. In terms of materials evaluated for this study Amalgam andResin Composite provides the greatest stability under acidic conditions.

To establish the etiology, pattern, management and outcome of maxillofacial trauma in pediatric patients. METHODOLOGY: A three-year record of pediatric patients who suffered from maxillofacial trauma was reviewed and analyzed using hospital database. The data gathered from the record of the patients like age was presented as mean and standard deviation whereas data like gender, etiology of particular trauma, anatomic position of fracture, affiliated injuries, kind of treatment used and outcome of the treatment was presented as frequency and percentage. Study Design: Retrospective study.

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Introduction: Maintenance of oral health is directly linked to general well-being of an individual. Oral diseases are most common of public health problems because it effects human life due to lack of awareness, affordability and socio economic factors. Oral diseases can adversely affect the worker by compromising their performance and human well being. Material and Methods: Cross sectional research was done in The University of Faisalabad. The study participants included all the low income employees. All the employees of this category who were physically and mentally capable of responding to the questionnaire and provided informed consent were made part of the study. The 85 employees were selected and their DMFT score was assessed. SPSS version 23 was applied for data analysis. Results: P value was statistically significant in patient’s age group 1 (18-35 years) and group-2 (36-66) with oral Hygiene status and DMFT score. Conclusion: Based on existing data it was concluded that in older patients DMFT score was high and there oral hygiene was not being properly maintained. Keywords: Oral hygiene status, DMFT index, Socioecnomic status