The flexible polyurethane foam exhibits a highly nonlinear and viscoelastic behavior under quasi-static and uni-axial compressive tests. The dependence of the displacement rate during the loading phase is significantly higher than that of the unloading phase. A new identification of the Force-Displacement curve based on experimental observations is proposed. The total foam response is modeled as a sum of a nonlinear elastic component and a viscoelastic component. The elastic force is modeled as a sum of orthogonal polynomials in displacement, while the viscoelastic force is modeled according to the hereditary approach in the loading half-cycle and the fractional derivative approach in the unloading half-cycle. The objective of this paper is to develop a model able to make predictions of the total foam force as well as simulations of its components. A parameter calibration procedure is established according to the difference force method between two unloading responses corresponding to two different displacement rates of the same foam sample. The validity of the model results is discussed by addressing three efficiency requirements: the accuracy of simulations to experimental measurements, the repeatability of results for both tests, and the accordance of predicted components of the total response with the phenomenological identification of the Force-Displacement curve. The proposed optimization methodology is found to simulate reasonably well the responses of three different types of soft foam. Some morphologic characteristics of these foams have clear influence on viscoelastic damping and residual effects.
The present work aims to determine the influence of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) laminating configuration in heat generation during the dry edge trimming process. Temperature measurement experiments were conducted on pure epoxy matrix, 15% unidirectional glass fiber reinforced epoxy, and 28% silica sand-filled GFRP specimens through eight type-K thermocouples evenly distributed along the trim plans and connected to a data acquisition system. Infrared thermographic measurements were also conducted to investigate the tool temperature evolution while processing. It was found that perpendicular fiber edge milling induces a sharp increase with peak temperature measurements reaching 119 °C, while machining parallel to fiber leads to a maximum temperature history of 41 °C, which is very close to that obtained from the pure epoxy test. It was also found that the addition of silica sand grains in the GFRP matrix reduces both tool and specimen temperature magnitudes up to 67% for 90° plies and 14% for 0° plies compared to silica sand-free composite initial values. The heat partition was calculated from the measured (electric) and estimated energies for the tool, the workpiece, and chips, respectively. It appears from predictions that the addition of silica sand grains increases the heat conductivity of the GFRP materials (with rates of 20% for 0° fiber orientation and 10% for 90° fiber direction), while it reduces that conducted to the milling tool. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) inspections helped detect the dominating machining defects relative to each GFRP configuration and explained the heat generation and dissipation effects in light of peak temperature measurements.
This attempt aims at assessing heat generation in thermal conductive polymer (TCP) composites widely used in aerospace sectors. Temperature histories were investigated in both nonreinforced and glass-fiber-reinforced TCPs during abrasive milling. Glass/epoxy and glass/polyester composites with 30% unidirectional glass fiber content were prepared according to appropriate curing cycles. Type K thermocouples connected to a data acquisition system ensured the recording of temperature history along the trim plan during milling. Unexpectedly, when milling TCP composites parallel to fibers, peak temperature was found to be slightly lower than that recorded in nonreinforced polymers. The lateral surface of fibers acts to favor sliding friction, which limits heat generation at interfaces, while relatively low specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of glass fiber disadvantage heat transfer. However, when milling perpendicular to fibers, the contact area between the tool and the transverse failure area of fibers increases drastically, hence involving severe friction at interfaces. This yields peak temperatures sensitively higher than those obtained in nonreinforced polymers. SEM inspections highlighted the failure modes dominating the material removal process in both nonreinforced and glass-fiber-reinforced polymers. The microcracks and debris observed at the trim plan explain, in part, the heat generation detected on temperature rate plots. Thus, heat conduction between phases governs sensitive surface finish integrity and tool lifetime and, hence, has great economic impact on the manufacturing steps.
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