The impact of HIV-1 DNA coamplification during HIV-1 RNA quantification on dried blood spots (DBS) was explored. False-positive HIV RNA detection (22/62, 35%) was associated with high HIV-1 DNA levels. Specificity of HIV-1 RNA assays on DBS should be evaluated following manufacturer protocols on samples with HIV-1 DNA levels of ≥1,000 copies/106peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Appropriate Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) measures must be made available to HIV-infected women. Detailed studies must be performed to evaluate the feasibility of this approach in resource limited settings.
Les cardiopathies de l'enfant déterminent en Afrique un problème de santé publique difficile à prendre en charge, de part la densité de la population jeune, le faible niveau socioéconomique et l'insuffisance de plateaux techniques adaptés. Les auteurs rapportent les aspects échocardiographiques et thérapeutiques des cardiopathies de l'enfant dans le département de pédiatrie du CHUSS de Bobo-Dioulasso. Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive concernant la période de janvier 2013 à décembre 2014 (24 mois). Elle a consisté en une revue documentaire des comptes rendus d'échocardiographies réalisées chez les enfants de moins de 15 ans dans le laboratoire d'échocardiographie du CHUSS et de leurs dossiers de suivi thérapeutique. Durant la période d'étude, 184 examens écho-cardiographiques avaient été réalisés et permis la mise en évidence de 93 cas de cardiopathies de l'enfant, soit 50,50% des cas. Parmi eux, on distinguait 71% (66/93) de cardiopathies congénitales et 29% (27/93) de cardiopathies acquises. Les cardiopathies congénitales les plus fréquentes étaient : la CIV (27,2%), CIA (10,6%), CAV (7,5%), T4F (9,1%), TAC (6%), formes associées (15%). Les cardiopathies acquises étaient dominées par les valvulopathies rhumatismales (48%), la cardiomyopathie dilatée hypokinétique (33,3%) et la tamponnade péricardite (18,5%). L'indication chirurgicale était posée dans 53,7% (50/93) des cas dont 86% (43/50) de cardiopathies congénitales et 14% (7/50) de cardiopathies acquises. 21% (9/43) des cardiopathies congénitales ont bénéficié d'une chirurgie cardiaque. Aucune cardiopathie acquise d'indication thérapeutique chirurgicale n'avait été opérée. Les cardiopathies de l'enfant sont fréquentes à Bobo-Dioulasso. La conception de stratégies multidisciplinaires associées à une optimisation des moyens devraient améliorer la prise en charge de ces cardiopathies.
Objective
The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and tolerability of new bacteriological samples to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-infected children.
Method and patients
HIV1-infected children with suspicion of TB in Universitary Hospital Sourô Sanon (Burkina Faso) were included in a prospective cohort study. Children underwent three gastric aspirates (GA) if aged <4 years; two GA, one string test (ST) if aged 4–9 years and three sputum, one ST if aged 10–13 years. All children underwent one nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) and one stool sample. To assess feasibility and tolerability of procedures, adverse events were identified and pain was rated on different scales. Samples were tested by microscopy, culture, GeneXpert® (Xpert®).
Results
Sixty-three patients were included. Mean age was 8.92 years, 52.38% were females. Ninety-five GA, 67 sputum, 62 NPA, 60 stool and 55 ST had been performed. During sampling, the main adverse events were cough at 68/95 GA and 48/62 NPA; sneeze at 50/95 GA and 38/62 NPA and vomiting at 4/55 ST. On the behavioral scale, the average pain score during collection was 6.38/10 for GA; 7.70/10 for NPA and 1.03/10 for ST. Of the 31 cases of TB, bacteriological confirmation was made in 12 patients.
Conclusion
ST, stool is well-tolerated alternatives specimens for diagnosing TB in children. NPA has a poor feasibility and tolerability in children.
Access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and routine laboratory monitoring are limited for HIV-1-infected children from sub-Saharan Africa. This trial conducted in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, aimed to describe the biological efficacy, tolerance, and adherence of the combination of didanosine, lamivudine, efavirenz in once-daily administration among eligible HIV-1-infected children. From February 2006 to November 2007, 51 HIV-1-infected children aged from 30 months to 15 years and eligible for ART were enrolled in a phase II open clinical trial with follow-up visits every 3 months. HIV-1 genotype testing was performed in children with plasma viral load (PVL) >1000 copies per milliliter after ART initiation. Children were followed for a median of 13.4 months [interquartile range (IQR) 12.8-14.2]. At enrollment, median CD4 count was 8% (IQR = 4.5-12). PVL was 341,032 (IQR = 127,838-761,539) copies per milliliter. At 12 months, median CD4 increased significantly by +15% (P < 10(-3)), and median PVL decreases significantly by -290,500 copies per milliliter (P < 10(-4)). Hemoglobin and platelets counts increased significantly by +1.05 g/dL (P < 10(-5)) and 108,500 cells per milliliter (P < 10(-3)), respectively. Based on pill count, mean yearly adherence was 97.3%, and 48% of the children had an adherence rate ≥ 95% at the four quarterly visits. Adherence was better for girls than for boys independently of other sociodemographic variables or markers of HIV disease progression. Drug-resistant mutations were found in 11 children (21.6%). This once-daily drug combination is associated with excellent virological efficacy, immune reconstitution, and good adherence. However, the high prevalence of drug resistance mutations is a matter of concern.
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