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Baseline WML could predict a rapid progression of cognitive and brain functional impairment during longitudinal follow up in AD. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 836-842.

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Background: This study examined regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with and without subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). Methods: Eleven AD patients with SCH and 141 AD patients without SCH underwent brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The SPECT data were analyzed by statistical parametric mapping (SPM8) and FineSRT. Results: AD patients with SCH showed a significantly decreased rCBF mainly in the temporal lobe and thalamus, whereas those without SCH showed a significantly decreased rCBF in the parietotemporal lobe and cingulate gyrus as well as the frontal lobe. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that SCH may affect cerebral perfusion in regions associated with the memory function.

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suppression images demonstrated abnormal enhancement, "tram track" sign on the axial view (arrows) and "doughnut" sign on the coronal view (broad arrow), of the right optic nerve sheath. The similar hyperintensity configurations (arrow heads) to both signs could be recognized on T 2 -weighted MR (C, D, F). These intensity changes were suggested to be due to tissue edema.A: axial T 1 weighted image (1.5 T, TR 654 ms, TE 10 ms), B; contrast enhanced axial T 1 weighted image with fat suppression (1.5 T, TR673 ms, TE 10 ms), C; contrast enhanced axial T 2 weighted image with fat suppression (1.5 T, TR 5,000 ms, TE 90 ms), D; contrast enhanced coronal T 2 weighted image with fat suppression (1.5 T, TR 5,000 ms, TE 90 ms), E; axial FLAIR image (1.5 T, TR 5,000 ms, TE 87 ms), F; axial T 2 weighted image with fat suppression (1.5 T, TR 4,930 ms, TE 88 ms), G; contrast enhanced axial T 1 weighted image with fat suppression (1.5 T, TR 778 ms, TE 13 ms), H; contrast enhanced coronal T 1 weighted image with fat suppression (1.5 T, TR 554 ms, TE 13 ms). 57：719Review of the literature for cases of idiopathic optic perineuritis in Japan.

We treated 11 cases (52.7 ± 14.9 years, all male) with varicella zoster virus (VZV) meningitis and 437 cases with adult aseptic meningitis from 2004 to 2016. The incidence rate of adult VZV meningitis in the cases with aseptic meningitis was 2.5%. Herpes zoster infections are reported to have occurred frequently in summer and autumn. VZV meningitis also occurred frequently in the similar seasons, in our patients. The diagnoses were confirmed in 9 cases with positive VZV-DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid and in 2 cases with high VZV-IgG indexes (> 2.0). For diagnosis confirmation, the former test was useful for cases within a week of disease onset, and the latter index was useful for cases after a week of disease onset. Zoster preceded the meningitis in 8 cases, while the meningitis preceded zoster in 1 case, and 2 cases did not have zoster (zoster sine herpete). Two patients were carriers of the hepatitis B virus, 1 patient was administered an influenza vaccine 4 days before the onset of meningitis, and 1 patient was orally administered prednisolone for 2 years, for treatment. Their immunological activities might have been suppressed. The neurological complications included trigeminal neuralgia, facial palsy (Ramsay Hunt syndrome), glossopharyngeal neuralgia, and Elsberg syndrome. Because the diseases in some patients can become severe, they require careful treatment.

Background: Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) levels are a measure that provides information on daily glycemic variations. We evaluated whether 1,5-AG could be a possible marker of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records of 5,294 AIS/TIA patients. Of the 5,294, 1,898 had diabetes and in 1,246, serum 1,5-AG levels were measured (group S). Group S was divided into 2 subgroups: hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) <7% (S-low) and >7% (S-high). As controls, 394 outpatients with diabetes (group C) without AIS/TIA were likewise divided into subgroups, C-low and C-high according to HbA1c level. In each HbA1c subgroup, the association between serum 1,5-AG (≥14 vs. <14 µg/mL) and stroke was examined using multivariable logistic regression (MLR) with stepwise variable selection. In model 1, the OR and 95% CI was examined adjusted for age and gender. Known risk factors for stroke; hypertension, dyslipidemia, alcohol consumption, smoking, and estimated glomerular filtration rate were included in model 2. Results: Overall, serum 1,5-AG levels were lower in group S than in group C. Serum 1,5-AG levels were low in subgroups S-high and C-high, showing no differences in mean values. However, mean serum 1,5-AG levels in S-low was statistically lower than that in C-low. MLR analysis showed that the OR for low (<14 µg/mL) 1,5-AG for stroke was statistically significant only in well-controlled diabetes (OR [95% CI] 2.19 [1.54–3.10]) in model 1 and (2.26 [1.56–3.28]) model 2. Conclusions: Low serum 1,5-AG levels could be a possible marker for AIS/TIA risk in patients with well-controlled DM.