The role of ethylene in the regulation of fruit ripening in the date palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL) was investigated. It was found that the rate of CO2 output was high initially, but the rate declined steadily as the fruit advanced in maturity, reaching its lowest level as the fruit entered the stage of physiological maturity, but then the rate of respiration increased as the fruit entered the ripening phase, reached a peak value and then declined. Ethylene emission was not detected until the 91st day from pollination when ethylene production began with a rapid increase in emission, reaching a peak value within 15 days and then declining rapidly. The peak of ethylene production preceded the climacteric peak by 7 days.

The current study was conducted to test cytokinin type and concentration, and source of explant on shoot multiplication of pineapple plant (Ananas comosus 'Queen') in vitro during 22/6/2009 to 1/5/2010. The results of the first experiment showed that axillary buds delayed to grow during 4-5 months of culturing in MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 or 3.0 mg l -1 ). The MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l -1 BA has led to the vegetative growth of axillary buds. The other concentrations of BA added to MS medium led to callus growth. The results showed that MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l -1 BA and 0.2 mg l -1 NAA gave adventitious shoots directly after two months from culturing of callus. The results of the second experiment showed that nodal segments cultured in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l -1 kinetin was a significantly superior on other treatments studied (0.5 mg l ). MS gojišče, ki so mu dodali 1,0 mg l -1 BA je vzpodbudilo rast zalistnih brstov. Druge koncentracije BA, dodane MS gojišču so vodile le k rasti kalusa. Nadaljnji rezultati so pokazali, da so se razvili na MS gojišču, ki sta mu bila dodana 1,0 mg l -1 BA in 0,2 mg l -1 NAA poganjki neposredno iz kalusa po dveh mesecih gojenja. Rezultati drugega poskusa so pokazali, da so bili nodijski izsečki, gojeni na MS gojišču, ki so mu dodali 1,0 mg l -1 kinetina značilno boljši kot drugi postopki, izvedeni v tej raziskavi (0,5 mg l -1 kinetina, 0,5 in 1,0 mg l -1 BA) v številu poganjkov/izseček, dolžini listov, številu listov/poganjek in listni površini nastalih poganjkov. Nastalo je 18,60 poganjkov/izseček, 10,60 listov/poganjek, dolžine 5,38 cm in 3,64 cm 2 površine. Rezultati so pokazali, da je dalo obravnavanje s kinetinom boljše rezultate glede vrednosti vseh merjenih vegetativnih lastnosti poganjkov v primerjavi z BA.

The natural compounds produced in plants are classified into two major groups (Primary and secondary metabolic compounds). These compounds are the precursor materials for thecompounds of the second group, which are represented by secondary metabolites, most of which produce from three main compounds: shikimic acid, acetate, and fatty acids. Primary metabolites are the basic units in the metabolism of secondary compounds. Tissue cultures of plants are used to produce large quantities of secondary metabolic products, although cultures of callus and cell suspensions often do not produce higher levels of the whole plant. Therefore, some technologies were used to increase the production of secondary metabolites by plant tissue culture techniques through the selection of high-production cells. The growth of plant cells in tissue cultures occurs when the requirements for division and growth are available for them from nutrients, growth regulators, and any other additives that all affect the metabolic activities within the cells. To achieve optimal productivity of secondary metabolites, it is preferable to produce cells in a medium that is optimal for increasing biomass. Plant growth regulators such as auxins and cytokinins affect cell division, various metabolic processes, and plant growth in tissue cultures.

The results showed that the MS medium supplemented with a concentration of 1.4 mg L-1 of NAA and 0.1 mg L-1 BA resulted in the highest significant value in the percentage of response to callus induction of 96.67% compared with the other combinations of growth regulators. The results showed that a combination of 9.5 mg L-1 BA and 0.2 mg L-1 NAA which was added to the MS medium recorded the highest percentage of response to indirect adventitious shoot formation from callus of Lantana Camara, several shoots per 100 mg callus and shoot length reached 96.67%, 10 shoots per 100 mg callus and 3.00 cm, respectively, after 12 weeks of culturing. The adventitious shoots of indirect organogenesis of Lantana Camara were rooted when cultured on the MS medium supplemented with a concentration of 1.0 mg L-1 of NAA and 0.1 mg L-1 BA after 8 weeks of planting.

The study was conducted to mass micropropagation of big sage (Lantana camara L.) plant by shoot multiplication technique. The treatments 2.22 and 2.66 µmol·L–1 BA gave the highest significant increase in the percentage of response to shoot multiplication and number of shoots per explant compared to the other treatments as reached 96.70% and 100.00% and 4.33 and 6.00 shoots, respectively. The results showed that these two treatments did not differ significantly between them. While the 1.33 µmol·L–1 BA gave the lowest values in the percentage of response to shoot multiplication and number of shoots per explant were 80.00% and 2.00 shoots per explant, respectively. The MS medium supplemented with 4.30 or 5.37 µmol·L–1 NAA gave a high response to root formation, number of roots per shoot and root length. While the MS medium supplemented with 6.44 or 7.52 µmol·L–1 NAA gave low values in these characteristics. The MS medium with 2.22 or 2.66 µmol·L–1 concentration of BA or 7.52 µmol·L–1 concentration of NAA recorded the highest significant increase in the percentage of response to callus formation. While the MS medium supplemented with 1.33 µmol·L–1 BA or 4.30 µmol·L–1 NAA gave less response to the callus formation.