The management of food waste and by-products has become a challenge for the agri-food sector and an example are whey by-products produced in dairy industries. Seeking other whey valorisation alternatives and applications, whey protein films for food packaging applications were developed in this study. Films containing different amounts (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt%) of ascorbic acid were manufactured via compression-moulding and their physicochemical, thermal, barrier, optical, and mechanical properties were analysed and related to the film structure. Additionally, the environmental assessment of the films was carried out to analyse the impact of film manufacture. Regarding physicochemical properties, both FTIR and water uptake analyses showed the presence of non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, between whey protein and ascorbic acid as band shifts at the 1500–1700 cm−1 region as well as a water absorption decrease from 380% down to 240% were observed. The addition of ascorbic acid notably improved the UV-Vis light absorbance capacity of whey protein films up to 500 nm, a relevant enhancement for protecting foods susceptible to UV-Vis light-induced lipid oxidation. In relation to the environmental assessment, it was concluded that scaling up film manufacture could lead to a reduction in the environmental impacts, mainly electricity consumption.
Euskadiko gaztandegietan esne-gazur ugari sortzen da eta honen isurketak kalteak eragin ditzake ingurumenean. Horregatik, ikerketa honen helburua film biodegradagarriak ekoiztea da, esne-gazuraren proteina erabiliz. Elikagaien industriako bio-hondakinetatik datorren proteinan oinarritutako elikadura-ontzien alternatiba honek, hondakinen kopurua murrizteaz gain elikagaien bizitza erabilgarria handitzea du helburu. Esne-gazuraren proteinan oinarritutako filmak sortzeko, hainbat prozesatze-metodo erabili daitezke eta lan honetan konpresioa aukeratu da, ekoizpen-denborak murrizteko eta prozesu iraunkorragoak sustatzeko. Filmen eraketa-prozesua optimizatu ondoren, lortutako filmen propietate fisiko-kimikoak, optikoak, mekanikoak eta hesi propietateak aztertu dira. Horretaz gain, filmen ingurumen-inpaktuaren azterketa egin da.
Akuaponia, akuikultura eta hidroponiaren konbinaketaren bidez, arrain zein landareak ekoizteko birzirkulazio-sistema bat da, non bakterio nitrifikatzaileek arrainek iraitzitako hondakin metabolikoak landareentzako ezinbertzekoak diren mantenugai bihurtzen dituzten. Akuikultura zein hidroponia sistema konbentzionalekin alderatuta, akuaponia sistemak ingurumen inpaktu zein uraren erabilera murritzagoa aurkezten du. Hala eta guztiz ere, akuaponia sistemak arrain-irinarekiko daukan menpekotasuna nabarmentzekoa da. Hori dela eta, lan honetan, Tenebrio molitor (TM) intsektu espeziearen larbak arrainen dietan proportzio ezberdinetan gehitu dira (% 0, 25 eta 50), honek arrain-irina ordezkatzeko duen gaitasuna zehazteko ortzadar-amuarrainez (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eta letxugez (Lactuca sativa) osaturiko akuaponia sistema batean. Horretarako, dieta ezberdinekin elikaturiko akuaponia sistemetan uraren propietate fisikokimikoak (tenperatura, pHa, eroankortasun elektrikoa, eta nitrogeno konposatuen kontzentrazioa) eta ortzadar-amuarrainen zein letxugen hazkuntza ebaluatu dira. Uraren parametroei dagokienez, nahiz eta parametro batzuk maila optimoa gainditu, ez dute amuarrainen zein letxugen hazkuntzan eragin, sistema oro har orekan mantendu baita. Aipatzeko da, TM larbak gehitu ez diren tangetan letxugen hazkuntza handiagoa izan dela, baina TM larbak % 25ean gehitu direnean, amuarrainen hazkuntzan hobekuntza nabarmen bat ikusi dela, honela, TM espeziearen larbek arrain-irinean oinarritutako pentsua ordezkatzeko duten ahalmena baieztatuz.
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