Early pregnancies in women with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) are accompanied by a deficiency in vasodilatory and anti-aggregatory prostacyclin (PGI2) and/or overproduction of its endogenous antagonist thromboxane A2 (TXA2). We evaluated the effect of a low-dose aspirin (LDA) on PGI2 and TXA2 production and on pregnancy outcome in RSA women with and without detectable anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA). Of 82 RSA women studied, 66 became pregnant, and of them, 33 (six with elevated and 27 with normal ACA concentrations) were randomized to receive LDA (50 mg/day) and 33 (six with elevated and 27 with normal ACA concentrations) to receive placebo (PLA) from a mean of 6.6 days after the missed period to delivery. Treatment with LDA inhibited platelet TXA2 production similarly in RSA women with and without detectable ACA and with continuing pregnancies (7.0 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, LDA group versus 254.5 +/- 37.8 ng/ml, PLA group, mean +/- SEM, P < 0.0001) or miscarrying pregnancies (13.8 +/- 3.8 ng/ml compared with 233.6 +/- 59.8 ng/ml, P < 0.0001 respectively). Furthermore, LDA decreased urinary excretion of the TXA2 metabolite (2,3-dinor-TXB2) both in pregnancies which went to term (6.1 +/- 0.6 ng/mmol creatinine, LDA group versus 19.3 +/- 3.0 ng/mmol creatinine, PLA group, P < 0.0001) or again ended in miscarriage (4.7 +/- 0.8 ng/mmol creatinine versus 17.3 +/- 4.4 ng/mmol creatinine, P < 0.0001 respectively), but did not affect the excretion of the prostacyclin metabolite (2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1alpha). Early pregnancy ultrasound examination revealed a living fetus in 58 women. Of these, seven in the LDA group (23.3%, four with elevated and three with normal ACA concentrations) and five in the PLA group (17.9%, two with elevated and three with normal ACA concentrations; not significant) experienced a miscarriage. All infants were healthy, and the frequency of growth retardation was similar in both groups (13.0%). One woman in the LDA group (4.3%) and three women receiving PLA (13.0%) developed pre-eclampsia (not significant). Therefore, although treatment with LDA caused a desirable biochemical effect, it did not improve pregnancy outcome in RSA women with or without detectable ACA.

Twin parenthood, but not ART, has a negative impact on the mental health of mothers and fathers during the transition to parenthood. ART parents' mental health was not affected by parity or children's health-related factors.

The aetiology of recurrent miscarriage (at least three consecutive miscarriages) usually remains unsolved. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of proteins, together with their receptors and the Tie (tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains) receptors, are crucial for embryonic development. Therefore, we used immunohistochemistry to analyse the expression of VEGF, the VEGF receptors (VEGFR)-1, -2, and -3, and the Tie-1 and Tie-2 receptors in placental and decidual tissue of women with a history of recurrent miscarriage and missed abortion (MA; n = 12) or blighted ovum (BO; n = 6), and from normal early terminated pregnancies (n = 12). Compared with controls, the MA and BO groups showed: (i) diminished placental trophoblastic VEGF immunoreactivity; (ii) weaker VEGFR-1 and -2 immunoreactivity in decidual vascular endothelium; (iii) reduced placental trophoblastic Tie-1 receptor immunoreactivity; and (iv) reduced decidual vascular endothelial Tie-1 and -2 receptor immunoreactivity. The absence of VEGFR-3 immunoreactivity in decidual vascular endothelium was also noted in all study groups. Interestingly, placental villi from the BO group presented blood vessel-like structures negative for von Willebrand factor, but positive for VEGF, VEGFR-1, -2, -3, Tie-1 and Tie-2 receptor. We conclude that the expression of these antigens may be altered in recurrent miscarriages.

Objective To compare the serum levels of gonadotrophins and androgens, as well as ovarian morphology, in 50 women with a history of recurrent miscarriage and in 20 healthy controls. Design Prospective study on women with a history of at least three consecutive miscarriages in Department I and II of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Central Hospital of Helsinki, Finland. Results The recurrent miscarriage group as a whole exhibited gonadotrophin and androgen levels comparable to those seen in the controls. Ultrasound examination revealed polycystic ovaries (PCO) in 22 patients (44%) and in four control women (20%, P=0.06) but no differences in the levels of gonadotrophins and androgens emerged between the patients with or without PCO. During follow up, 33 (66%) women with a history of recurrent miscarriage who became pregnant; 16 miscarried again (48.5%), whereas 17 (51.5%) succeeded. The presence of PCO did not predict miscarriage, but the patients who miscarried had higher levels of total testosterone, free testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate than RSA women with continuing pregnancies. Conclusions PCO and hyperandrogenism may be associated with repeated miscarriage.

II-2.

Successful ART did not predict mental health problems during the transition to parenthood. Moreover, ART couples' mental health was remarkably resistant to social and child-related stress during the transition to parenthood.

Pregnancy and early motherhood involve uncertainty and change, which can evoke mental health problems. We identified maternal mental health trajectories in pre-and postnatal period, and examined their association with later child mental health and development. Finnish mothers reported psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire ) and depressive (Beck Depression Inventory ) symptoms in pregnancy (T1; N ¼ 788) and two months (T2; N ¼ 657) and 12 months (T3; N ¼ 545) postpartum. Both parents accounted their child's mental health (Behavior Assessment System for Children [BASC]) and social (Social Skills Rating System [SSRS], Child Behavior Scale [CBS]) and cognitive development (Five to Fifteen [FTF]) when the child was 7-8 years old (T4; N ¼ 485). We identified five trajectories depicting unique timing and course of maternal mental health from pregnancy into 1 year of mothering: Stable low levels of mental health symptoms (75%) and prenatal (6%), early postpartum (9%) and late postpartum (6%) mental health problems. The fifth trajectory, heterogeneous high levels of mental health problems (4%) was an unclassified post hoc class, combining mothers with chronic high or highly variable mental health profiles. Results show some trajectory-related timing effects on children's mental health and cognitive development. The trajectories of early postpartum and heterogeneous high levels of mental health problems predicted higher level of internalizing symptoms as compared to stable low-levels trajectory. The heterogeneous highlevels trajectory predicted higher levels of problems in executive functions than the stable low and late postpartum trajectories, and in memory tasks than children in other trajectories. We discuss the timing and course of maternal mental health from the viewpoint of infant and child development.

To evaluate the possible causes of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and to elucidate the prognosis for subsequent pregnancies 63 RSA patients were studied. Parental karyotyping revealed chromosomal aberrations in six of the 63 couples (4.8%). The rate of increased concentrations of antibodies against cardiolipin was comparable in the patients (10.0%) and in 30 parous controls (6.7%), as was also the occurrence of other autoantibodies (43.3 and 36.7%, respectively). Hysteroscopy revealed uterine cavity abnormalities in 11 of the 55 patients studied (20.0%). Altogether, for 35 RSA women (55.4%) investigations resulted in entirely normal findings; abnormal findings were more frequently encountered in primary aborters (56.8%) than in secondary aborters (26.9%, P < 0.05). During the follow-up period of 24.1 +/- 15.4 months, 48 patients became pregnant a total of 65 times, and the cumulative live birth rate was 62.5%. A living fetus was seen in ultrasound examination in 46 pregnancies (70.7%), whereas a blighted ovum was diagnosed in nine pregnancies (13.8%). An additional nine pregnancies aborted so suddenly that no ultrasound examination was performed, and one ectopic pregnancy was treated laparoscopically. Of the initially viable pregnancies, 13 (28.3%) ended in miscarriage and two were terminated due to fetal anomalies. Normal findings in the investigations were associated with a smaller risk for abortion (40.0%) than were abnormal findings (65.5%, P < 0.05). Of the 30 babies, six (20.0%, with babies from one twin pregnancy excluded) were growth-retarded, 9.7% were born before 37 weeks of gestation, and 22.8% of the mothers had impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)