The finite element approach was used in the simulation analysis to solve many engineering problems. One of the accuracy factors of this method is dependent on the choice of appropriate element size or mesh discretization. Good mesh discretization can reduce the percentage of error; avoid the computation time approaches to non-practical limits and furthermore, produces the optimal results. The purpose of this study is to identify the best size of mesh elements to be used in the problem analysis using the AUTODYN numerical simulation. The fully clamped circular plate subjected to blast load as per experimental setup was modified and simplified in the two-dimensional (2D) simulation model; it will be seen as a clamped beam at both edges. Plate model were discretized to form nodal and element. The deformation or deflection result found to converge at certain value by increasing the total number of element discretization. Assumed that the deformation results were accurate at the converged state; it will be taken as reference to choose the finest size of mesh element. In this study, several mesh sizes been considered, and the appropriate optimum mesh discretization obtained at range of 0.5 mm to 1 mm.
Sediment transport models in river basins have been developed over the years for various temporal and spatial scales. However, yet few models have been reported for small-scale catchment and still under investigation by many researchers. In this paper, a distributed model based on process was presented for evaluating transportation of sediment in a small catchment scale. The integration of distributed hydrological and sediment model was developed for simulate the soil erosion and sedimentation processes in the catchment area located at Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM). The finding prevailed that the simulation of suspended sediment load over a period of four years gave a good significant result with an average Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and a Correlation Coefficient (r) were of 0.60 and 0.78, respectively. Moreover, sensitivity analysis revealed that the suspended sediment load in the UPNM catchment was influenced by soil detachability over land (Kf). Overall, the outputs from the present model can be taken as input to predict the soil erosion and sedimentation processes in a small-scale catchment, especially in Malaysia such as in the UPNM.
Innovative building approaches, which take advantage of heat energy in buildings, have recently appeared as part of a global effort to save energy. Incorporating phase change material (PCM) into the building envelope helps in reducing energy consumption and regulating energy demand by managing the thermal inertia of designed PCM thermal characteristics. A study was conducted to assess the performance benefits provided by the latent heat of the concrete wall combined with PCM. This study focuses on developing and testing heat barrier performance by incorporating PCM into wall external finishing, i.e. cement plaster and gloss paint. The effect of PCM inclusion in building wall were investigated by experimental work. The results indicate that incorporating PCM into the building wall reduced the surface temperature by up to 9 °C. Furthermore, the application of the PCM in the plaster layer is more reliable in reducing the internal wall surface temperature by a value of 8.1 °C when compared to the PCM in a painted coating. Painted wall panels experienced more significant temperature reduction differences than other wall panels, i.e. 9.2 °C and 9.5 °C, respectively. However, painted wall panels experienced higher internal surface temperatures than external surface temperatures compared to plastered wall panel at night. This could be due to the paint reactions, which are ineffective at releasing internal heat from the building at night. The yearly energy demand is decreased by 64.3% by incorporating PCM to the building wall, with a total annual electricity bill savings of 42.3% (8695.8 kWh yr−1). Therefore, it was concluded that wrapped PCM integrated into plaster layers on external surface building walls could decrease the indoor building temperature and thus contribute to conserving the energy required for an air conditioning system.
Constructed wetlands (CW) have been recognized as one of the environmental friendly technologies and successfully used for treating a diverse range of wastewaters. CW also suitable for native wetland plants and associated fauna habitat. In an urban environment likes university campus, a constructed wetland can provide as an educational and attractive green space for learning, teaching and research activities. This work focused on the performance of pilot-scale constructed wetlands as a sustainable wastewater treatment for treating and reusing the stormwater in the mini-reservoir situated in campus area. In this study, there were two tanks of pilot-scale CW with vertical subsurface flow (VSF) and horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) systems. Both was planted with the Cat-tail Typha Angustifolia and Tube Sedge in removal of total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) of the stormwater in the mini-reservoir in campus. The CW without any plants referred as a control system. The results show that the CW with vertical subsurface flow (VSF) system able to remove all parameters better that horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) system. The highest percentage of removal of all parameters was at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5 hours and percentage of removal increased with an increase in HRT. The percentage of removal for total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) approximately 85%, 70%, 68% and 25%. Thus, the constructed wetland had the potential to increase the waste water quality level.
This work aims to determine the response and impact energy absorbing capability of the square hollow section (SHS) column with U-shape grooves, subjected to dynamic mid span loading. Geometrical parametric study i.e. width and depth of the grooves and spacing between grooves was carried out using non-linear explicit finite element package ABAQUS. Comparison between plain SHS column with grooved SHS column in terms of initial peak force (IPF), specific energy absorption (SEA) and crush force efficiency (CFE) was carried out. It was found that the depth and width of the groove and spacing between grooves have significant effect on the impact response of SHS column. The grooved column has a higher SEA, shorter crushing distance but slightly lower CFE as compared to the plain column. This would make the grooved column a better option when designing for side intrusion protection.
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