Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is an appealing industrial chemical obtained by modification of cellulose with redundant applications in food, pharmaceuticals, paints, detergents and others. This report demonstrates the comparative study of potential of different lignocellulosic biomass by using five traditional methods to get white, pristine cellulose with higher percentage yield from waste, later, conversion of cellulose into its derivative i. e., carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Four raw materials comprising of wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice straw and banana leaves were employed as an alternating source of cellulose. Sulfide method came out as a most viable delignification method, used to degrade all dewaxed wastes, efficiently. After cellulose extraction, substitution of hydroxyl groups of cellulose was executed by infusing cellulose with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) in the presence of isopropanol as supporting medium. In this way, a variety of cellulose and CMC were obtained and verified with commercial samples of both products. Furthermore, characteristics of different CMC were checked including degree of substitution (DS), CMC content, moisture content, solubility and purity. The CMC from wheat straw showed the highest DS (2.1), solubility and yield. FTIR spectra confirmed the replacement of hydroxyl group with carboxymethyl group by indicating characteristic peak of carbonyl group (-CO) at 1588 cm À 1 . In 1 H NMR spectrum, plethora of peaks in the region 3-5 ppm indicated the derivatization of cellulose and 13 C NMR confirmed the peaks of carbonyl carbons at 180 and 182 ppm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the crystallinity of CMC has been reduced, significantly.

This review summarizes the advancements in the field of biomedical sciences using choline geranate (CAGE) ionic liquid (IL)/deep eutectic solvent (DES) in view of its unique properties.

This review describes the applications of CMC and superiority of other bio-based materials over the traditional costly and synthetic polymers in electrochemistry due to their abundance, versatility, sustainability and low cost.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a hydrophilic derivative of cellulose whose large volumes have been used in textile processing, protective coatings, detergents, papers, and drilling fluids, while cellulose gum, which is the purified form of CMC, has extensive applications in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, this work reflects the production of CMC by extracting cellulose with traditional and ionosolv methods from domestic matchstick waste, providing an in-depth view of the overall process where two different kinds of cellulose were obtained from two different pretreatments, and the influence of cellulose on the profile of CMC was checked. All of the procedures have been performed under optimized conditions to reduce the cost and maximize the productiveness. The results depict that cellulose extracted by the ionosolv method using a protic ionic liquid, tetramethylguanidinium hydrogen sulfate (TMG-HSO 4 ), is more degraded than that extracted by the traditional sulfide method using sodium sulfide (Na 2 S) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Thus, the produced CMC-2 via ionic liquid-extracted cellulose has more yield, DS (2.3), purity (98.5%), and solubility with less salt and moisture contents than CMC-1 produced by the conventional method due to an effective substitution of the hydroxyl group by the carboxymethyl group. Further, instrumental analyses like FTIR, XRD, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and SEM emphasize the results that CMC-2 has more reduction of the hydroxyl peak in FTIR, a more amorphous structure in XRD, intense peaks in NMR, and the roughness of the surface in SEM.