A Comparative Study of Different Methods for Cellulose Extraction from Lignocellulosic Wastes and Conversion into Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Abstract

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is an appealing industrial chemical obtained by modification of cellulose with redundant applications in food, pharmaceuticals, paints, detergents and others. This report demonstrates the comparative study of potential of different lignocellulosic biomass by using five traditional methods to get white, pristine cellulose with higher percentage yield from waste, later, conversion of cellulose into its derivative i. e., carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Four raw materials comprising of wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice straw and banana leaves were employed as an alternating source of cellulose. Sulfide method came out as a most viable delignification method, used to degrade all dewaxed wastes, efficiently. After cellulose extraction, substitution of hydroxyl groups of cellulose was executed by infusing cellulose with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) in the presence of isopropanol as supporting medium. In this way, a variety of cellulose and CMC were obtained and verified with commercial samples of both products. Furthermore, characteristics of different CMC were checked including degree of substitution (DS), CMC content, moisture content, solubility and purity. The CMC from wheat straw showed the highest DS (2.1), solubility and yield. FTIR spectra confirmed the replacement of hydroxyl group with carboxymethyl group by indicating characteristic peak of carbonyl group (-CO) at 1588 cm À 1 . In 1 H NMR spectrum, plethora of peaks in the region 3-5 ppm indicated the derivatization of cellulose and 13 C NMR confirmed the peaks of carbonyl carbons at 180 and 182 ppm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the crystallinity of CMC has been reduced, significantly.

Evaluating the Impact of Cellulose Extraction via Traditional and Ionosolv Pretreatments from Domestic Matchstick Waste on the Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

“…The complete analyses of CMC from two different cellulose meticulously provide the influence of cellulose on the profile of CMC, and characteristic tests further accentuate the importance of work (Figure ). Our previous work also provided a comparative study of different conventional methods for cellulose extraction, which further endorsed this finding . To the best of our knowledge, there is no published work related to our study.…”

“…However, cellulose peaks are more prominent than MS peaks because of delignification and removal of residual waxes. Both CMC samples have all of the peaks of cellulose and the characteristic peak of carbonyl (−CO) at 1588 cm –1 . , The −OH peak in CMC-2 has very much reduced, indicating the substitution of the hydroxyl group by the carboxymethyl group, which emphasized the physiochemical properties of CMC-2 over CMC-1.…”

“…Our previous work also provided a comparative study of different conventional methods for cellulose extraction, which further endorsed this finding. 42 To the best of our knowledge, there is no published work related to our study. So, this work could be considered as one of its own kind.…”

“…Moreover, a survey of literature has disclosed that CMC has been produced by extracting cellulose from ample biosources like sago waste, wheat straw, rice straw, corn husk, rice husk, cotton linters, banana leaves, bagasse, and others . But the most common waste on the domestic level that is overlooked is matchstick (MS) waste made of bamboo.…”

Cellulose Dissolution, Modification, and the Derived Hydrogel: A Review

“…The DS of obtained CMC was 2.1 %. [139] In addition, CMC, a cellulose derivative with carboxyl groups, shrank in an acidic solution and expanded in neutral/alkaline media, which makes it a suitable carrier for peptide delivery. [140]…”