Cyclophosphamide (CP) is one of the most popular alkylating anticancer drugs that show a high therapeutic index, despite the widespread side effects and toxicity particularly in high-dose regimens and long-term use. Here, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of two different doses (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight, given orally for 30 consecutive days) of Egyptian sweet marjoram leaf powder (MLP) and marjoram leaf aqueous extract (MLE) in alleviating the genotoxicity, immunosuppression and other complications induced by CP in non-tumour-bearing albino rats. The present study showed (probably for the first time) that both MLP and MLE significantly alleviated (P,0·05-0·001) most side effects and toxicity of CP-treated rats including the increase in chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow cells and serum malondialdehyde level, the decrease in the level of serum Ig, the delayed type of hypersensitivity response as also the weights and cellularity of lymphoid organs, and myelosuppression, leucopenia, macrocytic normochromic anaemia as well as thrombocytopenia by reactivating the non-enzymic (reduced glutathione) and enzymic (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase) antioxidant system and increasing the mitotic index of bone marrow cells. The modulatory effects of marjoram leaves shown in the present study were dose dependent in most cases and much higher in MLE (21 -23 % for all parameters taken together). In addition, the doses used in the present study were considered safe. In conclusion, sweet marjoram leaves (especially in the form of a herbal tea) may be useful as an immunostimulant and in reducing genotoxicity in patients under chemotherapeutic interventions.
We made an attempt to evaluate/compare the cardioprotective activity of two different doses (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight, given orally for 30 consecutive days) of Egyptian sweet marjoram leaf powder (MLP) and marjoram leaf aqueous extract (MLE) against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarcted rats (150 mg/kg body weight, twice at an interval of 24 h on days 29 and 30). The present study showed (probably for the first time) that both MLP and MLE (especially the high dose) significantly alleviated (P < 0.05-0.001) erythrocytosis, granulocytosis, thrombocytosis, shortened clotting time, the increase in relative heart weight, myocardial oxidative stress and the leakage of heart enzymes (creatine phosphokinase (CPK), CPK-MB isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase and aminotransferase) in ISO-treated rats through reactivating non-enzymic (reduced glutathione) and enzymic (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase) antioxidant defence system and inhibiting the production of nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation in heart tissues. The modulatory effects of marjoram leaves shown in the present study were dose-dependent in most cases and much higher in MLE (4.3-20.3 % for all parameters taken together). In addition, the doses used in the present study were considered safe. In conclusion, this study may have a significant impact on myocardial infarcted patients.
The therapeutic effects of Clonazepam (CZP), a classic anti-anxiety drug, are accompanied by several neurodegenerations and neural disorders in patients. Also, Chrysin is a flavonoid that naturally exists in many plants and honey; it has various pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammations, and it has a neuroprotective effect. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the influences of chronic treatments with Chrysin on behavior and neurochemical fluctuations induced by CZP treatment. Forty male rats were classified into four groups with one of them acting as the control group receiving 1% Tween 80; the CZP group was treated with 2 mg kg −1 day −1 ; the Chrysin group was treated with 50 mg kg −1 day −1 ; the CZP + Chrysin group was treated with the same abovementioned doses of CZP and Chrysin. All animals were orally treated every day for 6 weeks. Open field and Y maze tasks were performed before decapitation. Then, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid, monoamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) and their metabolites (homovanillic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and hydroxy indoleacetic acid, respectively), and DNA fragmentation [8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-HdG)] were evaluated in the brain cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, while brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and calcium ATPase (Ca-ATPase) were measured in the whole brain. The results showed that Chrysin treatment improves GABA, glutamic acid, monoamines, and their metabolites in the three brain areas, whereas it inhibits DNA fragmentation 8-HdG and BDNF and modifies downregulation of Ca-ATPase persuaded by CZP treatment at p < 0.05. Moreover, Chrysin treatment intensely reverses the consequent behavioral alternations which were elevated by Y maze and open field tests changed by CZP treatment. Overall, results recommended that Chrysin exerts anxiolytic-like effects similar to benzodiazepines and it can produce neuroprotective effects against CZP treatment.
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