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Internet of Things (IoT) is a set of interrelated devices on the Internet platform that can receive and send data to make human life more efficient and convenient. Clustering is a useful data collection method in the IoT that selectively cuts energy consumption by forming IoT nodes into some clusters. The cluster head can control all cluster nodes, and all intracluster and intercluster connections are made through it. Due to the NP-Hard nature of the clustering problem, a moth-flame optimization algorithm is proposed to select the minimum number of necessary clusters for routing in this article. This scheme is

The suspension of institutions around the world in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 virus did not stop the learning process. E-learning concepts and digital technologies enable students to learn from a safe distance while continuing their educational pursuits. Currently, the Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most rapidly increasing technologies in today’s digital world; and e-learning is one of the most powerful learning methods available. In today’s world, smart devices and new technologies assist teachers in concentrating on new models of student learning while avoiding time wastage. By examining the characteristics of the Internet of Things and the challenges that exist in the field of e-learning, the potential functions, benefits, and advancements of utilizing the Internet of Things in online education are identified and discussed. This article examines the existing and future condition of the Internet of Things world as it pertains to the topic of education and sophisticated capabilities available through the Internet of Things that enable the application of e-learning after an architecture has been designed. Students’ pulse rates, brain waves, and skin resistance are measured in real time by a collection of IoT sensors, including cameras, microphones, and wearable gadgets. By utilizing the proposed architecture, universities can change their distance learning tactics to maximize resources and boost efficiency without changing their overall academic activities. According to the study’s findings, e-learning has a favorable and statistically significant impact on students’ flexibility, learning experience, educational productivity, and overall quality of education.

Protocols for clustering and routing in the Internet of Things ecosystem should consider minimizing power consumption. Existing approaches to cluster-based routing issues in the Internet of Things environment often face the challenge of uneven power consumption. This study created a clustering method utilising swarm intelligence to obtain a more even distribution of cluster heads. In this work, a firefly optimization method and an aquila optimizer algorithm are devised to select the intermediate and cluster head nodes required for routing in accordance with the NP-Hard nature of clustered routing. The effectiveness of this hybrid clustering and routing approach has been evaluated concerning the following metrics: remaining energy, mean distances, number of hops, and node balance. For assessing Internet of things platforms, metrics like network throughput and the number of the living node are crucial, as these systems rely on battery-operated equipment to regularly capture environment data and transmit specimens to a base station. Proving effective, the suggested technique has been found to improve system energy usage by at least 18% and increase the packet delivery ratio by at least 25%.

The rapid development of technology has made the Internet of Things an integral element of modern society. Modern Internet of Things’ implementations often use Fog computing, an offshoot of the Cloud computing that offers localized processing power at the network’s periphery. The Internet of Things serves as the inspiration for the decentralized solution known as Fog computing. Features such as distributed computing, low latency, location awareness, on-premise installation, and support for heterogeneous hardware are all facilitated by Fog computing. End-to-end security in the Internet of Things is challenging due to the wide variety of use cases and the disparate resource availability of participating entities. Due to their limited resources, it is out of the question to use complex cryptographic algorithms for this class of devices. All Internet of Things devices, even those connected to servers online, have constrained resources such as power and processing speed, so they would rather not deal with strict security measures. This paper initially examines distributed Fog computing and creates a new authentication framework to support the Internet of Things environment. The following authentication architecture is recommended for various Internet of Things applications, such as healthcare systems, transportation systems, smart buildings, smart energy, etc. The total effectiveness of the method is measured by considering factors such as the cost of communication and the storage overhead incurred by the offered integrated authentication protocol. It has been proven that the proposed technique will reduce communication costs by at least 11%.

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