This study aims to compare economic, health, routine-change and isolation anxiety levels between private and public sector employees during the Covid-19 pandemic in Turkey. For this purpose, an online questionnaire is adapted from the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and sent to the 1111 participants from both sectors. It is hypothesized that economic anxiety would have a greater effect on private sector employees than public sector employees while the health anxiety has more dominant effects on public sector employees. To test the significance level of the mean differences between these groups, an independent sample t test was used and for testing the significance level of the mean differences among three or more groups one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. The t test results revealed that private sector employees had higher levels of economic anxiety on average than public sector employees. While there is no significant difference between the sectors in terms of health anxiety, routine change anxiety is higher on average over all other anxiety levels for both sectors. According to the results of one-way ANOVA test, employees living in minimum subsistence conditions, i.e., low-income group, had much more intense levels of economic anxiety than high-income group, and it was concluded that high-income group was under psychological pressure due to the routine changes they experienced. Finally, the results showed that private sector employees were more feared about getting short-time working allowances compared to public sector employees.
Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de Covid-19 salgını süresince özel sektör ve kamu sektörü çalışanları arasındaki ekonomik, sağlık, rutin değişikliği ve izolasyon kaygı (anksiyete) düzeylerini karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ekonomik kaygının özel sektör çalışanları üzerinde kamu çalışanlarına göre daha fazla etkisi olurken, sağlık kaygısının kamu sektörü çalışanları üzerinde daha baskın etkileri olacağı varsayımında bulunduk. Spielberger Durumluk Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri'nden (STAI) uyarlanan ve katılımcılara çevrimiçi olarak gönderilen anket sonuçlarına göre, özel sektör çalışanlarının ortalamada kamu sektörü çalışanlarına göre daha yüksek düzeyde ekonomik kaygı yaşadıkları ve iki grup arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunduğu görülmüştür (p=.000). Sağlık anksiyetesi açısından sektörler arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunamazken, her iki sektörde de diğer tüm kaygı düzeyleri arasında rutin değişikliği anksiyetesinin ortalamada daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Tek yönlü ANOVA testi sonuçlarına göre, asgari geçim koşullarında yaşayan, yani düşük gelir grubundaki çalışanların, yüksek gelir grubuna göre çok daha yoğun ekonomik kaygı düzeylerine sahip olduğu, yüksek gelir grubu çalışanlarının ise içinde bulundukları rutin değişiklikleri sebebiyle psikolojik baskı altında bulundukları görülmüştür. Son olarak sonuçlar, özel sektör çalışanlarının, kamu sektörü çalışanlarına kıyasla kısa çalışma ödeneği almaktan duydukları endişenin daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir (p=.000).
Since the beginning of economic literature, growth has been a key indicator of successful economic performance. Despite this consensus, discussions continue about which policies should be implemented for permanent growth. In particular, technological development stands out as the main explanatory factor in the analysis of economic growth, and according to endogenous growth theories, technology is determined by the conscious activities of actors. In this direction, while the effect of skilled labor on growth gained importance over time, the role of openness in creating technological externalities and learning effects has been another focus in the literature. Although these theories are tested empirically mostly on the basis of countries, the differences between the growth rates of the regions within the same country can directly affect the increase in total within the country. Hence, it would be useful to consider regional differences in order to propose the correct policies for high growth rates. For this purpose, in this study, impact of foreign trade and human capital on growth in 20 NUTS 2 regions between 2013 and 2020, will be examined using panel data analysis. The data used in the study were obtained from the TURKSTAT regional statistics database. As a result of the study, both trade openness and skilled workforce are found to increase regional growth. In this respect, policies such as providing investment and tax incentives to reduce the difference in trade volumes between regions and allocating resources for education to eliminate regional inequalities are likely to increase national growth through regional growth.
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