Since emerging coronaviruses have always become a human health concern globally especially severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and a novel coronavirus was introduced in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 (called SARS‐CoV‐2), many researchers focused on its epidemics, virological and clinical features. SARS‐CoV‐2 is classified as Betacoronaviruses genus and Sarbecovirus subgenus (lineage B). The virus shows a great similarity with SARS‐CoV and bat SARS‐like coronaviruses. In this study, we evaluate SARS‐CoV‐2 virus phylogeny and evolution by using current virus and related sequences.

Since the 1970 the replication and pathogenesis mechanism of different coronaviruses have been studded.. In 2002-2003, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus) in China emerged which resulted in 8098 cases and 774 deaths. About 10 years later in 2012, the MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus) spread in Middle Eastern countries and leads to infection in 2465 cases. In Dec 2019, another acute respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS-2 emerged in Wuhan, China. The virus is assumed to be mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets. Travels and communications leads to high prevalence of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) in the world, and currently in Iran. The current review was conducted to compare the virus structure, genome organization, virus life cycle, pathogenesis and prediction the future of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND Studies have indicated that branched amino acids play a crucial role in gene expression, protein metabolism, apoptosis, and restoration of hepatocytes and insulin resistance. This study aimed to compare the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids in patients with esophageal cancer and normal individuals. METHODS Plasma levels of leucine and isoleucine of 37 patients with esophageal cancer and 37 healthy adults were investigated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 16) software, and t test was used to compare the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids in the two groups. RESULTS In the patients group, the mean age ± SD was 63 ± 13.64 years, and 21 (56.8%) individuals were male. In the control group, the mean age ± SD was 64.24 ± 13.08 years, and 21 (54.1%) individuals were male. Plasma levels of leucine (37.68 ± 105) and isoleucine (22.43 ± 59.1) in patients with esophageal cancer were significantly reduced (p value of isoleucine:0.007, and leucine: 0.0001). CONCLUSION In the present study, the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids in patients with esophageal cancer had changed. Evidence suggests that branched-chain amino acids are essential nutrients for cancer growth and are used by tumors in various biosynthetic pathways as energy sources. Thus, studies in this field can be useful in providing appropriate therapeutic approaches.

Yu, 2018). The prevalence of EC varies in different parts of the world and it reaches the highest rate of 800 cases per 100,000 people in some regions, and in the world the widest rate of EC is in such areas as southern Russia, northern China, and northern Iran (Lin and Chang, 2010). According to the studies, Golestan province in Iran has

Background and Objective: Serine and glycine are connecting lines for biosynthesis and are essential resources for synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids and lipids that are necessary for cancer cell growth. The purpose of this study was to set a comparison of serine and glycine in patients with esophageal cancer and in healthy people. Materials and Methods: 37 plasma samples were collected from esophageal cancer patients and were referred to Gastrointestinal and

Background: Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) has been associated with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) in humans, and its role in other human cancers is under investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate MCV genome infection in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).Methods: This retrospective, case-control study used archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from colorectal cancer patients (cases) and matched healthy subjects (controls) diagnosed by an expert pathologist from hospitals affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran from 2011 to 2016. After DNA extraction with a QIAamp® DNA FFPE Tissue Kit, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for diagnosis. A positive control was produced by cloning with the Generay Biotechnology system. SPSS v.22 was used for analysis of demographic variables.Results: There were 157 participants included in the study: 66 were cases and 91 were controls. Their mean ages (±SD) were 59.35±14.48 and 57.21±14.66, respectively. The proportion of males was 57.6% in the case group and 57.1% in the control group. None of the samples were positive for MCV expression by real-time PCR assay. Association was detected between males with CRC and tumor location in the rectum and between males with CRC and the mucinous tumor type.Conclusion: None of the tissues from the CRC or non-cancerous control groups were positive for MCV genome infection, although a low viral load, the sample type, or the method of use should not be neglected. Further studies are recommended to obtain more comprehensive results.

INTRODUCTION Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease caused by a neurotropic virus. The virus has a non-segmented, singlestranded, negative-sense RNA genome and belongs to the genus Lyssavirus (Family: Rhabdoviridae) [1]. It is primarily transmitted to humans via the saliva of rabid animals after bite. Scratching or licking of mucous or wounds by rabid animals are the other routes of transmission [2, 3]. Unusual transmissions, such as solid organ transplantation and inhalation of contaminated aerosol (e.g., in bat-infested caves), have also been reported in some human rabies cases [3]. The disease is almost 100% fatal within two weeks following the appearance of clinical signs [4-6]. Annually, Rabies is responsible for 59000 human deaths, and over 3.7 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost. Children less than 15 years of age constitute almost 40% of exposures to suspected rabid animals [4]. Epidemiology. The rabies virus can infect humans, domestic, and wild animals, and has a significant impact on public health and the husbandry economy, especially in endemic regions [5-9]. The virus occurs across all parts of the world except Antarctica (Fig. 1) [10]. Approximately 20,000 human cases, which account for about one-third of annual rabies cases, occur in India, mostly through canine bites. Thus, in this country, the primary control measure has focused on the elimination of rabies in animals, mainly dogs [11]. A study in 2016, showed that rabies in many regions of China is still endemic and remains uncontrolled. In the northwest of China, rabies transmission to humans commonly occurs through the bite of stray dogs and foxes, and licensed vaccines for wildlife and large domestic animals are still required [12]. In Kazakhstan, despite mass animal vaccination, the disease is also endemic, causing substantial economic costs [13]. Sultanov et al. suggested that regular annual vaccination of domestic animals would be beneficial for the control of the disease [13]. In Ethiopia, where the canines are the primary vectors, about 2,700 annual human deaths occur due to rabies [13]. The annual cost of livestock loss due to rabies infection exceeds 50 million dollars in this country [14]. In Cambodia, Rabies has a high prevalence, especially in rural areas. Circulation of the virus among stray dogs in this country makes mass vaccination of these animals necessary [15]. Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease. The causative agent is a negative-sense RNA genome virus of the genus Lyssavirus (Family: Rhabdoviridae). The disease, commonly transmitted by rabid dogs, is the cause of mortality of over 59000 humans worldwide annually. This disease can be prevented before the development of symptoms through proper vaccination even after exposure. Hence, improvement of the vaccination schedule in the countries where rabies is endemic is essential. In addition to the type of vaccine, injection routes also contribute to enhanced immune responses and increased potency of the vaccines. The vaccines approved by the World Health Organization ...

Background and Objective: Measurement of amino acids is an important tool for metabolic studies and evaluation of patients' clinical condition. The aim of this study was to analyze the plasma amino acids using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography techniques (RP-HPLC) with pre-column derivatization by o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in combination with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA). Methods: Overall, 107 neonates and babies suspected of having metabolic disorder were enrolled in this study. The level of amino acids in plasma samples was analyzed within 65 minutes by HPLC with pre-column derivatization by OPA/3-MPA. This was a gradient RP-HPLC method that was performed using two solvents with a ratio of methanol and sodium acetate. L-norvaline internal standard was used as the reference peak for amino acids. Standard mixture of amino acids was used to determine the concentrations of amino acids. Results: According to the values of coefficient of variation obtained for each amino acid, the results indicated a good chromatographic separation of amino acids by this method. The use of OPA/3-MPA derivative reagent increased the efficiency and resolution of amino acids chromatographic separation. Conclusion: Due to simple preparation and accurate assessment, determination of plasma amino acids using OPA/3-MPA derivatives and RP-HPLC is a suitable method in many clinical samples.