Evolutionary study of COVID‐19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) as an emerging coronavirus: Phylogenetic analysis and literature review

Tabibzadeh, Alireza; Esghaei, Maryam; Soltani, Saber; Yousefi, Parastoo; Taherizadeh, Mahsa; Tameshkel, Fahimeh Safarnezhad; Golahdooz, Mahsa; Panahi, Mahshid; Ajdarkosh, Hossein; Zamani, Farhad; Niya, Mohammad Hadi Karbalaie

doi:10.1002/vms3.394

Cited by 28 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Early phylogenetic studies on SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences showed that it clustered closely with sequences originating from SARS-like viruses from bats within lineage B of the betacoronavirus genus. Lineage A groups are prototypical coronaviruses such as MHV and the human coronaviruses HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 ( Figure 1 A,B) ([ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ] tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ accessed on 7 July 2021) (Software (ed.ac.uk accessed on 7 July 2021)), while the other highly pathogenic coronavirus, MERS-CoV, is found within lineage C, along with the related camel-derived MERS-CoV ([ 41 , 42 ] and references therein). The S protein amino acid sequences from four representative beta coronaviruses (HCoV-HKU1, MHV, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) were aligned and the solved S protein structures were compared to determine their amino acid identity and the overall structural organization similarities among these proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Organ Histopathological Changes in a Mouse Hepatitis Virus Model of COVID-19

Paidas

Mohamed

Norenberg

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic, causes a respiratory illness that can severely impact other organ systems and is possibly precipitated by cytokine storm, septic shock, thrombosis, and oxidative stress. SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals may be asymptomatic or may experience mild, moderate, or severe symptoms with or without pneumonia. The mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 infects humans are largely unknown. Mouse hepatitis virus 1 (MHV-1)-induced infection was used as a highly relevant surrogate animal model for this study. We further characterized this animal model and compared it with SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. MHV-1 inoculated mice displayed death as well as weight loss, as reported earlier. We showed that MHV-1-infected mice at days 7–8 exhibit severe lung inflammation, peribronchiolar interstitial infiltration, bronchiolar epithelial cell necrosis and intra-alveolar necrotic debris, alveolar exudation (surrounding alveolar walls have capillaries that are dilated and filled with red blood cells), mononuclear cell infiltration, hyaline membrane formation, the presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages, and interstitial edema. When compared to uninfected mice, the infected mice showed severe liver vascular congestion, luminal thrombosis of portal and sinusoidal vessels, hepatocyte degeneration, cell necrosis, and hemorrhagic changes. Proximal and distal tubular necrosis, hemorrhage in interstitial tissue, and the vacuolation of renal tubules were observed. The heart showed severe interstitial edema, vascular congestion, and dilation, as well as red blood cell extravasation into the interstitium. Upon examination of the MHV-1 infected mice brain, we observed congested blood vessels, perivascular cavitation, cortical pericellular halos, vacuolation of neuropils, darkly stained nuclei, pyknotic nuclei, and associated vacuolation of the neuropil in the cortex, as well as acute eosinophilic necrosis and necrotic neurons with fragmented nuclei and vacuolation in the hippocampus. Our findings suggest that the widespread thrombotic events observed in the surrogate animal model for SARS-CoV-2 mimic the reported findings in SARS-CoV-2 infected humans, representing a highly relevant and safe animal model for the study of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 for potential therapeutic interventions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Organ Histopathological Changes in a Mouse Hepatitis Virus Model of COVID-19

Paidas

Mohamed

Norenberg

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new kind of coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) manifested in Wuhan, Hubei, China at the end of 2019 [ 227 ]. This novel coronavirus can cause fever, respiratory failure, septic shock, and even death.…”

Section: Electrospun Nanofiber Applications For Medical Care In Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds: Review of Current Progress in the Properties and Manufacturing Process, and Possible Applications for COVID-19

et al. 2021

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Over the last twenty years, researchers have focused on the potential applications of electrospinning, especially its scalability and versatility. Specifically, electrospun nanofiber scaffolds are considered an emergent technology and a promising approach that can be applied to biosensing, drug delivery, soft and hard tissue repair and regeneration, and wound healing. Several parameters control the functional scaffolds, such as fiber geometrical characteristics and alignment, architecture, etc. As it is based on nanotechnology, the concept of this approach has shown a strong evolution in terms of the forms of the materials used (aerogels, microspheres, etc.), the incorporated microorganisms used to treat diseases (cells, proteins, nuclei acids, etc.), and the manufacturing process in relation to the control of adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of the mimetic nanofibers. However, several difficulties are still considered as huge challenges for scientists to overcome in relation to scaffolds design and properties (hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility) but also in relation to transferring biological nanofibers products into practical industrial use by way of a highly efficient bio-solution. In this article, the authors review current progress in the materials and processes used by the electrospinning technique to develop novel fibrous scaffolds with suitable design and that more closely mimic structure. A specific interest will be given to the use of this approach as an emergent technology for the treatment of bacteria and viruses such as COVID-19.

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“…Alpha and ßeta-coronaviruses are able to infect mammals [15], whereas delta and gamma coronaviruses infect birds [16]. The Beta genus is further divided into four subgenera, namely Nobecovirus, Merbecovirus, Sarbecovirus, and Embecovirus [17].…”

Section: Taxonomy Of Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Interventions against COVID-19

Tsegaye¹

2021

Int J Virol AIDS

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COVID-19 remains the main public health problem in the world. The major objective of this review is to discuss interventions that have been employed against COVID-19. The preventive and control measures that have been employed against COVID-19 include: staying at home, social and physical distancing, quarantine, washing hand with sanitizer, using face mask, immunization, timely diagnosis and treatment of the disease. In spite of its high false negative rate, real time-PCR remains the gold standard for diagnosis of COVID-19. Antiviral drugs that have been approved for treatment of COVID-19 include remedsvier, monoclonal antibodies and convalescent plasma therapy. The vaccines that were authorized and approved for COVID-19 have shown positive outcomes. For example, a vaccine efficacy studies that done in Israel on efficacies of Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines showed that the two vaccines reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection rate by more than 90%. However, it is still possible for fully vaccinated people to contract and spread SARS-CoV-2 because of the high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2. As the SARS-CoV-2 is constantly changing by random mutation, modification of the current vaccines is required to develop effective vaccines against all variants of the virus. In addition, as the available COVID-19 diagnosis methods have considerable limitations, a novel diagnostic approach that may overcome the limitations has to be designed.

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Evolutionary study of COVID‐19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) as an emerging coronavirus: Phylogenetic analysis and literature review

Cited by 28 publications

References 45 publications

Multi-Organ Histopathological Changes in a Mouse Hepatitis Virus Model of COVID-19

Multi-Organ Histopathological Changes in a Mouse Hepatitis Virus Model of COVID-19

Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds: Review of Current Progress in the Properties and Manufacturing Process, and Possible Applications for COVID-19

A Review on Interventions against COVID-19

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