Background: Mammography as the most common secondary prevention method has known to be helpful in detecting breast cancer at the early stages. Low level of participation among women toward mammography uptake due to cultural beliefs is a great concern. This study aimed at exploring the perceptions of women about response costs of mammography adherence (MA) in Yazd, Iran. Methods: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was performed. Fourteen women,one oncology nurse, and a breast cancer survivor were purposefully interviewed. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed by directed content analysis method based on protection motivation theory (PMT). Results: One main theme was emerged from the analysis namely called "response costs".Two main categories were also emerged from the data; (1) psychological barriers with six subcategories including "embarrassment," "worry about being diagnosed with cancer," "preoccupation with underlying disease," "misconception about mammography," "need for an accompanying person," and "internalizing the experiences of the others," and (2) maladaptive coping modes which encompassed three subcategories: "religious faith," "fatalism," and"avoidance and denial." Conclusion: Useful information was provided about the response costs of mammography utilization based on the perceptions of women. Cognitive barriers may be decreased by conducting modifications in women’s awareness and attitude toward MA as well as changing the national health system infrastructures. Incorporating religious and cultural belief systems into MA educational programs through motivational messages is recommended.
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer that has concerned Iranian women. Early detection is a major determinant of disease prognosis. Thus, participation in prevention behaviors is the only available option for women. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a protection motivation theory (PMT)-based scale for assessing the participation of Iranian women in breast cancer prevention behaviors. Methods: A sequential exploratory mixed methods design was used. In the qualitative phase, 14 semistructured interviews were done with women. After directed qualitative content analysis, primary items were phrased. Validity of the questionnaire was assessed by a panel of experts, calculation of CVR and CVI, and using confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability of the scale was measured using Cronbach's alpha. Then, a cross-sectional study was performed on 420 women. The data were analyzed using SPSS 19 and AMOS 16 software packages. Results: All of the items gained impact scores >1.5 in qualitative and quantitative face validity assessment. In the dimension of content validity, 9 items were deleted. Reliability of the questionnaire was acceptable. The final draft of the questionnaire was prepared in two sections including demographics and PMT constructs comprising 56 items and 8 domains. Factor analysis confirmed the fitness of the model representing the measurement theory. Conclusion: The present study is a pioneer in assessing the applicability of PMT for assessing the participation of Iranian women in breast cancer prevention behaviors. The developed scale has acceptable psychometric properties among Iranian women, and it can be used as a reliable instrument.
The study findings provided deeper understanding about the effective factors related to a husband's role in motivating a wife to practice breast cancer prevention. These new findings are relevant for health educators and practitioners to develop culturally based interventions.
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Iran. Early diagnosis of breast cancer by mammography could decrease the rate of mortality and improve the survival rate. This study aimed to determine the predicting factors of mammography adherence among Iranian women based on transtheoretical model. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 300 married women in Yazd in 2018. Subjects was recruited using cluster sampling. Data were gathered through researcher-made questionnaire based on trans-theoretical model. The constructs of decisional balance, self-efficacy, stages and process of change were studied. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance, Spearman correlation coefficient and regression analysis in SPSS-16 software. Results: The mean age of women was 47.25±6.97 years old (ranged from 40 to 70). Most of the participants (86.4%) were in inactive stages of decision-making for performing mammography and only 5.3% were in active stages. The mean score of selfefficacy among the studied women was 24.54±6.5. According to linear regression test, the validity of the predicting transtheoretical model by all of its constructs together was 47%. Conclusion:Results of the present study showed that most of the women were at inactive stages of decision-making for mammography behavior and, based on the results, to improve the stages of the behavior, their self-efficacy should be improved.
Background: Healthy nutrition is a part of a healthy pregnancy. Having a poor food attitude towards healthy nutrition often leads to unfavorable consequences for the mother and her baby. Health care providers need to be aware of these attitudes, so that they can focus their attention on pregnant women during this critical period. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the attitude to healthy nutrition of pregnant women in Yazd city, Iran. Methods: The present cross-sectional descriptive study included 250 pregnant women aged 18-49 years who referred to community health centers, without any background diseases using random sampling method. The face and content validity of the researcher-made questionnaire was confirmed by experts. Its reliability was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha method and completed by self-reporting. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The mean score of pregnant women’s attitude towards healthy nutrition was 132.7 ± 22.0. According to the results, despite the obstacles to providing healthy and practical food for pregnant women, such as their high cost, research units sought to provide healthy food during this period. Also, there was an inverse relationship between nutrition-related attitudes during pregnancy and higher pregnancy rates. Multiparous women had fewer misconceptions than primiparous women, which require training of health professionals to prescribe appropriate food attitudes. Conclusion: In general, it can be inferred that the women of the present study adhered to their nutritional attitudes that originated from their culture, and this study was able to provide a clear picture of the cultural attitudes to healthy nutrition of pregnant women in Yazd.
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