Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) consists of repetitious physical and psychological symptoms. The symptoms occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual period and cease when the menstrual period starts. This study included pre-test and post-test experiments between a control group and a test group. The statistical population involved 40 females, chosen based on multistage cluster sampling. The participants were then divided into four groups to undergo treatment with calcium supplement plus vitamin D together with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and were screened with the Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Test (PSST). The pre-test and post-test scores in the PSST, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and Bell's Adjustment Inventory (BAI) were used as assessment tools (p < .05). According to the parameters of PMS symptoms, when evaluating the pre-test and post-test scores, the overall score of each individual in the experimental group was improved and a significant effect for the combination of calcium supplement plus vitamin D together with CBT was observed in comparison to the post-test control group. A comparison of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) results collected from the pre-test and post-test scores revealed that the method of treatment was beneficial for PMS, adjustment, and general health.

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Drug addiction as a biological, psychological, and social issue affects all dimensions of one's life. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of attachment styles, dysfunctional attitudes, and spirituality in predicting membership in addicted and non‐addicted groups. This was a cross‐sectional study conducted on 60 addicted people and 60 non‐addicted people. The Adult Attachment Scale of Hazan and Shaver, Allport Religious Orientation Scale, and the 26‐item Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS‐26) were used to measure the variables. Based on the results, which were analyzed by logistic regression analysis, the variables of attachment style and dysfunctional attitude can significantly predict drug addiction (p < .001). However, avoidant attachment style and spirituality cannot predict readiness for addiction. The results of this study indicate the importance of safe and ambivalent attachment styles and dysfunctional attitudes. Thus, attending to these factors in studies and interventions related to the treatment of substance abuse disorders is essential.

Objectives Social anxiety is one of the most common disorders of adolescence. Among the factors affecting the disorder to determine the sex (female or male) reported conflicting results, while the relation between gender role consistent with some anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to compare social anxiety and its cognitive (AFNE) and behavioral (TISC) aspects based on different sex and gender roles (femininity, masculinity, androgyny and indistinct). Methods Students (N=277) aged 12 to 13 years were selected using cluster sampling. They were asked to complete research questionnaires including Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SASA) and Child Sexual Role Inventory (CSRI). Results The results of T-test, correlation analysis and variance analysis showed significant positive relationships between femininity and social anxiety and its cognitive and behavioral aspects. Significant negative relationships between masculinity and these variables (P<0.5) were also found. More significant mean scores were observed for social anxiety and its cognitive and behavioral aspects in the group by feminine gender-role in comparison with other groups (masculine, androgen and indistinct). However,there was no significant difference in the scores of social anxiety and its cognitive and behavioral aspects in both sexes. Conclusion The gender-role schema can be considered as a factor associated with social anxiety and its cognitive and behavioral aspects in adolescents.

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