Both gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol polymers have good biocompatibility to be used in biomedical applications. Cell adhesion and growth activity of gelatin have made it unique in artificial cartilage preparation. Two separate solutions of them are prepared by mixing 10% (w/v) of each one in water. These two solutions are then mixed at a temperature range of 70–90°C, and a pH value of 2 is maintained and finally it is cast into films. The dried films are gamma irradiated (using 60Co) at different doses. Fourier transform infrared analysis of the films shows the presence of amide linkages formed in them. It is observed from thermogravimetric analysis that 2.6% of non-irradiated and 20% of irradiated samples retain after heating them up to 600°C. Mechanical properties of the irradiated films show better properties than that of non-irradiated one. The irradiated films show a decrease in water uptake than that of the non-irradiated films. Scanning electron microscopy does not show any significant difference in morphology of the films with increasing radiation doses.
Bentonite has been modi ed using H 2 SO 4 at various concentrations to alter Si/Al ratio that is responsible for catalytic pyrolysis of single-use waste polyethylene (SUWP). The XRF analysis con rmed a gradual decrease of Al 2 O 3 content with an increasing concentration of H 2 SO 4 . The highest liquid hydrocarbon yield (87.48%) was obtained at Si/Al ratio of 34.24. To further activate acid-modi ed bentonite, bimetals (Cu/Ni, Fe/Ni, and Co/Ni) impregnation was conducted. The catalytic performance was compared with monometals (Ru, Co, Ni, Cu, and Fe) impregnated bentonite counterparts. The Co, Ni, or Cu impregnated bentonite catalysts (with 86, 83, and 86% yield) outperformed Fe and Ru impregnated bentonite catalysts (with 68% and 79% yield). However, bimetallic (Cu/Ni, Fe/Ni and Co/Ni) catalysts enhanced severe cracking leading to the formation of more gaseous hydrocarbons and thus less amount of liquid (70-80%) is obtained. Incorporation of iron into bentonite or Ni/bentonite increased the amount of 2-Octene, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-compared to acid-treated bentonite and Ni/ bentonite catalysts. Moreover, Fe/Ni/bentonite has also increased the amount of 2-Octene, 2,6-dimethyl-compounds. The BET analysis shows that both surface area and pore diameter increased due to acid treatment resulting in an increase in the percent yield of liquid compared to raw bentonite. The FTIR and GC-MS analysis con rmed that the liquid hydrocarbon consists of linear and branched alkanes and alkenes with some cyclic hydrocarbons.The NMR analysis showed the liquid hydrocarbon is free from the aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).
Statement Of NoveltyAlthough twenty-rst century modern society is highly dependent on plastic products, we cannot overlook the environmental pollution caused by waste plastics. However, single-use plastic wastes have become a major environmental concern since plastic is not biodegradable. Plastic wastes escape from land ll sites generally end up in drains, rivers, and oceans if not disposed of safely. Plastic waste is a dangerous threat to aquatic life. So we could neither ban using plastics nor cause harm to the environment. A more feasible solution would be converting these plastic wastes into liquid fuels. Modi ed bentonite has been found to be a suitable catalyst to convert these plastic wastes into energy. Wastes generated from singleuse plastic commodities could be converted into liquid hydrocarbon in presence of modi ed bentonite catalysts. The liquid hydrocarbon produced in this manner could be used as fuel while reducing plastic waste and eventually protecting the environment.
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