CO 2 obtained by capture process is not 100% pure and may contain impurities such as O 2 , Ar, N 2 and water. The presence of such impurities in CO 2 stream can lead to challenging flow assurance and processing issues. The aim of this communication is to present experimental results on the phase behaviour and thermo-physical properties of carbon dioxide in the presence of O 2 , Ar, N 2 and water. The effect of these impurities on density and viscosity were experimentally and theoretically investigated over the range of temperature from 243.15 K to 423.15 K up to 150 MPa. A corresponding-state viscosity model was developed to predict the viscosity of the stream and a volume corrected equation of state approach was used to calculate densities. Saturation pressures and the hydrate stability (in water saturated and under-saturated conditions) of the CCS stream were also experimentally determined and modelled. It is demonstrated that the thermodynamic models and approaches were able to satisfactorily describe the thermophysical properties and phase behaviour of this CO 2 -rich stream.
Water condensation and/or hydrate formation at the top of pipelines are serious design/operation considerations in pipelines with stratified flow. Water condensation could result in top-of-theline corrosion, particularly in sour-gas systems. Hydrate formation is believed to be another serious risk if the inhibitor in the aqueous phase cannot protect against hydrate formation at the top of the pipeline. In this paper, we report the results of some preliminary tests conducted in a new experimental setup constructed for investigating gas-hydrate risks in various operational scenarios (e.g., top of pipelines, deadlegs/jumpers, startups, shutdowns). The reported three series of tests conducted in the new experimental setup address hydrate-formation risks at the top of pipelines or deadlegs caused by temperature gradient, and the risk of hydrate formation in the gas phase in the presence of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) during pipeline cool down and startup. The results provide a better evaluation of the risks involved in various systems and provide guidelines for avoiding the associated problems.
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