Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7 genes are involved in the host immune response against viral infections including SARS-COV-2. This study aimed to investigate the association between the TLR3(rs3775290) and TLR7(rs179008) polymorphisms with the prognosis and susceptibility to COVID-19 pneumonia accompanying SARS-COV-2 infection. This case-control study included 236 individuals: 136 COVID-19 pneumonia patients and 100 age and sex-matched controls. Two polymorphisms (TLR3 rs3775290 and TLR7 rs179008) were genotyped by allelic discrimination through TaqMan real-time PCR. This study also investigated predictors of mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia through logistic regression. The mutant ‘T/T' genotypes and the ‘T' alleles of TLR3(rs3775290) and TLR7(rs179008) polymorphisms were significantly associated with increased risk of COVID-19 pneumonia. This study did not report association between the mutant ‘T/T' genotypes of TLR3(rs3775290) and TLR7(rs179008) and the disease outcome. In multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia were male sex, SPO2 ≤ 82%, INR > 1, LDH ≥ 1000 U/L, and lymphocyte count<900/mm3 ( P < 0.05).

Background: Thoracic retrolaminar block (TRLB) is a relatively new regional analgesic technique that can be used as an alternative to thoracic paravertebral block. This study aimed to evaluate the postoperative analgesic effects of ultrasound-guided TRLB in children undergoing open cardiac surgery via median sternotomy incision.Methods: Sixty-six patients aged 2 to 8 years undergoing cardiac open cardiac surgery via median sternotomy incision were recruited. In the TRLB group, 0.25% bupivacaine 0.4mL/kg was injected into the retrolaminar space on each side at the level of T4 lamina. Patients in the control group were injected with 0.9% saline. The primary outcome measure was the 24h post-extubation fentanyl consumption. The secondary outcome measures were total intraoperative fentanyl consumption, postoperative modified objective pain score (MOPS) and time to extubation. Results:The mean±SD total intraoperative fentanyl requirements (μg/kg) and the 24h postextubation fentanyl consumption (μg/kg) were significantly lower (P<0.001) in the TRLB group (9.3±1.2&6.9±2.1 respectively) than the control group (12.5±1.4&16.6±2.8 respectively). The median (Q1, Q3) time (h) of extubation and the mean±SD time (h) of ICU length of stay were significantly shorter (P<0.001) in the TRLB group (2 [1-3] &23.8±3.2 respectively) in comparison with the control group (6 [4.5-6] & 30.3±3.2 respectively). MOPS was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the TRLB group than the control group at the following time points, 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and16 hours after extubation. Conclusions: Bilateral ultrasound-guided TRLB is effective in providing postoperative analgesia in children undergoing open cardiac surgery via median sternotomy incision.

Background: Surgical repair of congenital inguinal hernia results in significant postoperative discomfort and pain. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the pre-emptive analgesic efficacy of a transversalis fascia plane (TFP) block after pediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy.Methods: Forty-four patients aged 12 to 60 months who underwent unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy were enrolled. Four patients were excluded, and the remaining were allocated to the control group and the TFP block group. In the TFP block group, 0.4 mL/kg bupivacaine 0.25% was instilled in the plane between the transversus abdominis and transversalis fascia, while in the control group 0.9% saline was used instead of bupivacaine. The collected data were the total dose of paracetamol consumed during the first 12 h postoperatively, the postoperative Face, Leg, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score, time to first use of rescue analgesia, number of patients required additional postoperative analgesics, and parents' satisfaction.Results: The median paracetamol consumption was significantly lower in the TFP block group than in the control group, and FLACC pain scores were significantly lower for all study times in the TFP block group with higher parental satisfaction scores than those for the control group. The number of patients who required additional analgesics was significantly lower in the TFP block group than in the control group. Conclusions: The use of a TFP block decreases postoperative analgesic consumption and postoperative pain intensity after pediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy. Future studies with larger sample size are required to evaluate the actual complications rate of TFP block.

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Aim This study aimed at providing evidence to consider sex differences in interpretations of laboratory parameters of severe COVID-19 patients with diabetes. Methods For 118 diabetic patients, laboratory measurements and clinical outcomes were compared between males and females. This study also compared inflammatory ratios obtained from combinations of six inflammatory markers between the two groups. The risk factors for mortality were identified through logistic regression. Results Males were 54 (45.8%) and females were 64 (54.2%). Males showed a significant increase in ALT (P = 0.003), CRP (P = 0.03), mean platelet volume (MPV)-to-lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.001), and C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (P = 0.044), whereas females had a significant increase in lymphocytes (P < 0.005) and MPV (P = 0.01). In all participants, multivariate analysis illustrated that older age, male sex, increased serum total bilirubin, and decreased PO 2 were significant independent predictors of mortality (P < 0.05). Conclusion In severe COVID-19 patients with diabetes, there were significant sex differences in many laboratory characteristics with a higher risk of mortality among males.