We introduced the potato proteinase inhibitor II (PINII) gene (pin2) into several Japonica rice varieties, and regenerated a large number of transgenic rice plants. Wound-inducible expression of the pin2 gene driven by its own promoter, together with the first intron of the rice actin 1 gene (act1), resulted in high-level accumulation of the PINII protein in the transgenic plants. The introduced pin2 gene was stably inherited in the second, third, and fourth generations, as shown by molecular analyses. Based on data from the molecular analyses, several homozygous transgenic lines were obtained. Bioassay for insect resistance with the fifth-generation transgenic rice plants showed that transgenic rice plants had increased resistance to a major rice insect pest, pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens). Thus, introduction of an insecticidal proteinase inhibitor gene into cereal plants can be used as a general strategy for control of insect pests.
A rice (Oryza sativa) seed plasma-membrane calcium-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase (CDPK) has been partially purified.Comparing results in seeds that were treated with and without the plant hormone gibberellin (CA) for 10 min showed that rice CDPK was highly induced by GA. After separating solubilized membrane proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, followed by renaturation, a radiolabeled phosphoprotein band of approximately 58 k D was detected, and it was apparently produced by autophosphorylation. There are five aspects of the rice CDPK that show similarity t o mammalian protein kinase C (PKC) and t o other plant CDPKs: (a) Histone l l l S and PKC peptide-ser25 (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31) [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. (d) Addition of calmodulin has no effect on the activity of the enzyme; however, the CDPK is inhibited by the calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine and W-7. (e) The rice CDPK reacts with a mammalian anti-PKC antibody i n immunoblotting analysis. However, there is one major difference between the rice CDPK and other CDPKs: the rice CDPK is induced by CA, whereas no mammalian PKC or other plant CDPKs are known to be induced by any h o r m o n e.
ABSTRACT:Multiple microwave power (MP) has been applied against Ephestia cautella (Walker) at various exposure times. Five seconds exposure time at various MP up to 60% had no effect on insect mortality, by increasing the MP up to 100%, the mortality reached 20% for larvae and 33% for adults. When exposure time was increased to 15 seconds with different MP, mortality reached 100% and 80% at 60% power for adults and larvae, respectively. Eggs of E. cautella were exposed to various MP at different time; the hatchability reached 0.0 % after 10 and 15 seconds at 100% MP. Data showed microwave had no effect on soluble proteins isolated from dates treated by microwave at various time up to 15 seconds, and had no effect on protein pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Ozonation with 2.0 ppm ozone generated with various time 4, 8 and 12 hours, gave 28%, 73%, and 83% mortality against adults, while it gave 10%, 20% and 27% mortality against larvae. Ozone exhibited less effect against pupae and eggs hatchability. The possibility of using microwave and ozone in integrated management program against stored product pests is discussed.
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