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The synthesis of Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 ferrite nanoparticles has been successfully fabricated by the citrate auto combustion technique. Numerous characterization techniques as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High- Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and Raman Spectroscopy are achieved. The homogeneous formation of the cubic phase is ratified through HRTEM. Five Raman-active modes A1g, 3F2g, Eg. are detected for the examined samples. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is carried out to identify the various ions existing in samples and their oxidation states. The investigated ferrite nanoparticles manifest large capacity (until 1150 mAh g−1), stellar coulombic efficiency, and superb cycle stability (443 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles). Finally, the cheap and non-toxic Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 has been employed as an anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), demonstrating superior electrochemical in terms of specific capacity, cycle performance, and rate capability.

The synthesis of Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 ferrite nanoparticles has been synthesized by the citrate auto combustion method. The distribution of cations on A-site and B-site was studied by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). The crystallite size and strain were calculated by using the W-H (Williamson-Hall) plot. The crystallite of Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 ferrite nanoparticle is ∼30 nm. HRTEM confirmed the homogeneous formation of the cubic phase. The calculated height and spacing parameters related to roughness are essential to achieve the efficiency of Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 to be used in microbatteries, smart windows, smart mirrors, displays, gas sensors, and other applications. According to the obtained data, the Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 has a spiky surface with Rku = 5.50. Additionally, the magnetic hysteresis loop has been clarified using the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The double peak characteristic in the Switching field distribution (SFD) reveals the competition between exchange coupling and strong dipolar interactions. Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 has employed as a sorbent material for the removal of lead (II) ions from wastewater. The main advantages of the synthesized sample are ease of separation, high adsorption, low cost as well as recycled with notable efficiency. Two models of adsorption isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir) are utilized to recognize the adsorption mechanism.

The synthesis of Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 ferrite nanoparticles has been synthesized by the citrate auto combustion method. The distribution of cations on A-site and B-site was studied by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High- Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). The crystallite size and strain were calculated by using the W–H (Williamson-Hall) plot. The crystallite of Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 ferrite nanoparticle is ∼30 nm. HRTEM confirmed the homogeneous formation of the cubic phase. The calculated height and spacing parameters related to roughness are essential to achieve the efficiency of Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 to be used in micro-batteries, smart windows, smart mirrors, displays, gas sensors, and other applications. According to the obtained data, the Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 has a spiky surface with Rku = 5.50. Additionally, the magnetic hysteresis loop has been clarified using the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The double peak characteristic in the Switching field distribution (SFD) reveals the competition between exchange coupling and strong dipolar interactions. Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 has employed as a sorbent material for the removal of lead (II) ions from wastewater. The main advantages of the synthesized sample are ease of separation, high adsorption, low cost as well as recycled with notable efficiency. Two models of adsorption isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir) are utilized to recognize the adsorption mechanism.

A humidity sensor plays a crucial role in determining the efficiency of materials and the precision of apparatuses. To measure and control humidity, a non-stoichiometric Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 mesopore sensor is synthesized by a modified citrate auto combustion technique. The XRD study confirms that prepared nanoparticles are cubic spinel structures having an Fd3m space group. The crystallite size is approximately 36 nm. Thermal analysis measurements show that samples become thermally stable at a temperature of 600 °C. Additionally, the kinetic studies of the prepared samples are calculated via a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The temperature dependence of AC conductivity is found to increase with increasing temperature. These observations are explained in various models. The resistivity mechanism of humidity sensors is studied via complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS). Its impedance data are fitted to a corresponding circuit, to achieve a simulation of the sample under study. This fitting is detected by the Nyquist plot (Cole–Cole). The obtained data confirm that the studied samples are very sensitive to humidity and can be commercially used as a humidity sensing element. Graphical abstract