Wireless power transmission is a promising technology which attracts attention in many fields and products. With mobile electronic products being prevalent, such as cellphones and PDAs, removing the power cord becomes a natural progression of achieving the ultimate mobility of the product. Wireless chargers for Electric Vehicles (EVs) would also be a convenient feature, avoiding any need to remember to plug in a power cord after parking the vehicle. Additional safety advantages may also be achieved due to eliminating exposed contacts. Nevertheless, wireless charging for EV is an application requiring high electrical power (up to hundreds of kilowatts) and larger area of wireless power transmission which increases electromagnetic field exposure. Thus, application of wireless charging to an EV requires a comprehensive analysis to ensure consumer safety. This paper focuses on the safety considerations of wireless charging for EVs, including potential electrical shock hazards, magnetic field exposure hazards, fire hazards, etc. It provides a historical background of wireless charging, particularly for EVs. It also reviews two potential technologies applicable to wireless charging of EVs. The concept of Hazard Based Safety Engineering (HBSE) is applied to the problem and UL's training's program is introduced. Keywords-wireless charger; wireless power transfer; electric vehicle; safety standard; hazard based safety engineering (HBSE).

Fires doors are subjected to standard fire tests as a means of evaluating fire resistance. In this study, the thermal and mechanical response of steel double fire doors exposed to high temperatures was modeled using finite element software. The model included the necessary complexity of the product and test setup along with the temperature dependency of the constituent materials. For the thermal solution, a transient analysis was carried out while for the mechanical solution, it was found that a nonlinear steady state analysis was sufficient to capture the qualitative behavior of the fire doors seen during the test. The challenges of validating a numerical model with the limited data available from the standard fire test are described.

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