Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a very common neurobehavioral disorder that affects children and adolescents with impact that persists beyond adolescence into adulthood.Medication and non-pharmacological treatments are evidence-based interventions for ADHD in various age groups, and this article will elaborate on the psychosocial, physical and integrative medicine interventions that have been studied in ADHD.
Young key populations (ages 10-24) (YKPs) are uniquely vulnerable to HIV infection. Yet they are often underserved, due in part to a limited understanding of their needs. Many successful approaches to understanding YKPs exist but are not widely used. To identify the most useful approaches and encourage their uptake, we reviewed strategic information on YKPs and experiences collecting, analysing, and utilising it from countries in Africa, Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe. As a result, we recommend one central guiding principle - any effort to understand and serve YKPs should include a specific focus on adolescent key populations (AKPs) (ages 10-19) - and three strategies to inform data collection, analysis, and use: tailor recruitment practices to ensure young people's representation, select indicators and research methods based on their ability to inform responsive programming for and give a voice to YKPs, and thoroughly disaggregate data. We demonstrate the utility of each strategy in YKP research and programmes, and in doing so note the particular importance for AKPs. We hope that this paper encourages additional research on YKPs and helps bridge the gap between research and effective programmes to serve the youngest and most vulnerable members of key populations.
Timeline information for freeway crashes was extracted using 10,589 crashes, 2,816 of which were matched with enforcement agency dispatch records and 320 of which were matched with ambulance dispatch records. The average time between when a crash occurred and when the crash scene was cleared was 52.2 min. The enforcement agency was notified 3.4 min after the crash, and the first responding officer arrived at the crash scene 6.0 min later. The ambulance dispatcher was notified 5.1 min after the first responding officer arrived at the scene, and the first ambulance arrived at the scene 7.5 min later, remained at the scene 20.9 min, and arrived at the hospital 10.9 min after it left the crash scene. Enforcement agency notification and response times were not affected by crash and environmental factors; however, enforcement agency on-scene time (representing 80 percent of crash duration) was statistically related to crash type, crash severity, need for emergency medical services transport, air bag deployment, light condition, manner of collision, road condition (presence of precipitation), number of injuries, number of involved vehicles, need for towing services, and extent of vehicle damage. The shortest crash durations were associated with two-vehicle crashes, crashes involving property damage only, and crashes involving vehicles able to drive away. The longest crash durations were those involving very severe vehicle damage, occupant medical transport, an overturned vehicle, and those occurring at night.
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