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Various extracts of aerial parts of Varthemia (Varthemia iphionoides Boiss) were investigated for radical-scavenging activity, antioxidative activity, and porcine pancreas alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. The ethanol and water extracts showed a pronounced 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, with inhibition of about 90% at a concentration of 100 microg/ml, and alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of about 70% at a concentration of 200 microg/ml by the 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl alpha-maltotrioside (CNP-G3) degradation method. The ethanol extract was purified by column chromatography to give seven 3-methoxyflavones (1-7) and eudesmane sesquiterpene, selina-4,11(13)-dien-3-on-12-oic acid (8). The structures of these compounds were established by NMR, MS, and UV spectroscopy. Of 3-methoxyflavones, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyflavone (1), 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxyflavone (2), and 5,4'-dihydroxy-3,7,3'-trimethoxyflavone (3,7,3'-tri-O-methyl-quercetin) (7) exhibited pronounced radical-scavenging activity. The antioxidative activity in the linoleic acid system was considerable in compounds 1, 2, and 5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone (4). Compounds 1, 2, 4, 5 (5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone), and 6 (5,4'-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone) showed markedly high inhibitory activity against porcine pancreas alpha-amylase. Eudesmane sesquiterpene did not show any activity.

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Problem statement:In vitro acid-Buffering Capacity (BC) values of 5% (dry matter) aqueous homogenized suspension of five legumes (broad bean, lentils, chickpea, kidney bean and lupine) and of selected antacid home preparations (cow's milk, almond, peanut, licorice, carob and lettuce stem) were investigated within and among samples from their respective initial pH until pH was decreased to 1.5. BC was the highest for cow's milk, carob, licorice and lettuce stem (BC values 1.65-1.97), intermediate for almond and peanut (BC values, 1.37-1.64) and the lowest for selected legumes (0.84-1.36). Approach: The purpose of this study was to measure in vitro the buffering capacity potential of legumes and other foods commonly used in Jordan as heartburn remedies to determine the ability of these products to de-acidify, neutralize acid, or increase pH levels of an acid and a base solution. Results: BC of the studied legumes showed positive and strong correlations, with protein, aspartic and glutamic amino acids contents (R = 0.95, 0.94, 0.89, respectively) and relatively weak correlation with phosphorus content (R = 0.38). Conclusion/Recommendations: The differences in BC within and among studied samples were largely due to the differences in their chemical compositions. Protein, fiber, ash, organic acids and aspartic and glutamic acids contents and alkalinity of ashes showed significant BC, while high fat content in almond and peanut failed to show considerable BC.

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The main objective of this research was to utilize extrusion processing for developing a wheat-and soy-based "lentil analog" product. The sensory properties and the nutrient content of this product were studied. Lentil analog products using six formulations were produced using a pilot-scale twin screw extruder. Descriptive sensory analysis of prepared products showed that all extruded treatments were similar to each other, but different from the natural lentil control. Treatments with soy: wheat ratios of 50:50 in the presence of lecithin, 60:40 and 70:30 are higher in descriptive attributes of beany flavor, particles/residuals and firmness compared with the control. Consumer acceptability testing (9-point hedonic scale) indicated that there were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in acceptability among the selected treatments and the lentil control sample. Lentil analog can be used as a substitute for regular lentils that is increasingly a costly commodity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSA novel extruded lentil analog product with high consumer acceptability was produced, which can provide a low-cost, high-protein diet and rich in essential vitamin and minerals. This product can be supplied to the general population in countries of South Asia and the Middle-East, as a substitute for regular lentils.