Association between small for gestational age and risk of autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by impairments in social interaction and verbal and nonverbal communication.Purpose: Determine the association between use of assisted reproduction technology (ART) and the risk of ASD among children.Methods: This case-control study included 300 participants (100 cases, 200 controls). The control group included women with a child aged 2–10 years without ASD, while the cases were women with a child aged 2–10 years with ASD. We used a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Stata ver. 14 at the 0.05 significance level.Results: In the univariate analysis, there was significant association between child sex, delivery mode, history of preterm delivery, history of using ART, and maternal age at child’s birth and the risk of ASD. After the adjustment for other variables, this association was significant for male sex (2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11–4.31; P=0.001) and history of using ART (4.03; 95% CI, 1.76–9.21; <i>P</i>=0.001). Therefore, after the adjustment for confounder variables, there was no significant association between ART and the risk of ASD among children (4.98; 95% CI, 0.91–27.30; <i>P</i>=0.065).Conclusion: After the adjustment for other variables, risk factors for ASD were male sex and history preterm delivery. Thus, there was no significant association between ART and the risk of ASD among children.
Background: There was a hypothesis that the oxytocin used during labor could increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD. Objective: This meta-analysis pooled all observational studies to obtain the association between labor induction and the risk of ASD among children. We identified all published studies up to August 2020 through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and gray literature. The pooled odds ratios (OR), relative ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI (were calculated as random effect estimates of association among studies. Results: The pooled estimates of OR and RR reported a significant association between labor induction and ASD among children, respectively (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.15) and (RR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.09). The subgroup analyses were performed based on the adjusted form and design of studies. OR in crude and adjusted studies were reported 1.25(1.01, 1.49) and 1.08(1.02, 1.14), respectively. A significant association was found in adjusted and crude studies. But there is no significant association between labor induction and ASD in case-control studies (OR=1.08, 95% CI = 0.99, 1.17). Conclusion: The findings showed that labor induction is associated with increased risk of ASD among children. Therefore, the findings support that clinical use of oxytocin during labor has a significant negative impact on the long-term mental health of children.
Purpose This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the social communication questionnaire (SCQ) in Iran by identifying children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who had Persian-speaking parents. Design/methodology/approach A case–control study was performed from June to August 2021 in Hamadan, Iran. The case group consisted of children who were examined by clinicians who used a coding scheme based on the DSM-V criteria for ASD by a psychiatrist. The control group consisted of non-ASD children who were asked to participate in the study. This study conducted the reliability, content and face validity to evaluate the psychometric properties of the tool. In the first step, Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin and Bartlett’s test were used to determine sampling adequacy and appropriateness of correlation matrix. In the second step, the exploratory factor analysis approach was used. The method of extracting the factors is done by using the varimax rotation method and selecting the number of factors using an eigenvalue and scree plot. Statistical analysis was performed using Software Package for Social Sciences 21 with the statistical significance set at level less than 0.05. Findings The quantitative content validity analysis revealed that the mean of content validity ratio and content validity index were 0.92 and 0.91, respectively. Mean score ± standard deviation in the two groups of ASD and control were 14.23 ± 3.84 and 7.83 ± 4.80, respectively. With cut-off point >12.5, sensitivity, specificity and misclassification error values were 73.33%, 80.0% and 23%, respectively. Research limitations/implications The results showed that the internal consistency of the SCQ is desirable. Also, the internal consistency of its five subscales was obtained between 0.700 and 0.87. The findings showed that SCQ questionnaire is highly reliable in reciprocal social interaction (Factor 1) and the total score, while other factors were relatively reliable. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper on psychometric properties of SCQ in ASD children in Iran.
The present meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between previous abortion history and the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences databases were systematically searched for studies published through December 2021. The presence of statistical heterogeneity among the eligible studies was determined using the I 2 value. According to heterogeneity, random-or fixed-effect models were applied to the meta-analysis of associations. Egger's and Begg's tests were used to assess publication bias. Thirteen studies involving 331,779 children were included in this meta-analysis. The overall odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for the association between previous abortion history and ASD through the random-effects model was 1.64 (1.28, 2.0; I 2 =61.7%).No publication bias was found (Begg's: p=0.393; Egger's: p=0.056). These results suggest a positive and significant association between a history of previous abortion and the risk of ASD in offspring.
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