Background Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is an abnormality that has a great impact on women's quality of life. RSA is defined as at least three unexplained abortions (without prior live birth) occurring before the 20th week of pregnancy. Aim The present review attempts to discuss immunologic deviations in mouse models of RSA. Content The mating of DBA/2J males with CBA/J female mice has provided specialists with a homologous model of RSA. Much of the research using the CBA/J × DBA/2J mouse model has shown immune system alteration results in rejection. The link between RSA and the immune system suggests new approaches to prevent RSA from an immunological perspective. Rejection in this model is linked with the changed immune system during pregnancy, including change in Th1/Th2 ratio and defects in T and NK cells function, and so forth. Implications The use of animal models prone to RSA can help a lot to solve the remained mysteries. This study reviews the existing knowledge of immune system roles in the RSA mouse models.

Engineered probiotics (EPs) are a group of probiotics whose proteome is manipulated by biotechnological techniques. EPs have attracted a lot of attention in recent researches for preventing and treating chronic diseases. The current study has been conducted to provide an overview regarding the EPs application in the treatment of chronic disease by a comprehensive systematic review of the published articles up to January 2022. To retrieve the related publications, three databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Sciences, and Scopus) were searched systematically. Finally, all human (n = 2) and

The effects of radiation therapy (RT) for cancer can be systemic and partially mediated by the immune system. However, radiation alone is unlikely to transform an immunosuppressive environment into an immunostimulatory one. Therefore, an effective combination of radiation therapy and immunotherapy may provide a new more efficient treatment approach. Here we investigated how the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the microenvironment of the tumor varied in different RT regimens with the same Biologically Effective Dose (BED). In this study, female BALB/c mice inoculated with CT26 tumor cells were irradiated with three different RT regimens using the same Biologically Effective Dose (BED) of 40 Gray (Gy). These included Ablative RT (1*15 Gy), Hypo-fractionated RT (2*10 Gy), and Conventional RT (10*3 Gy). PD-L1 expression was analyzed with immunohistochemical staining on days 2, 20, and when the size of tumors had reached 2 cm2 after RT. All treated groups expressed PD-L1, but the group receiving single ablative high dose RT showed higher expression compared to the other groups. No significant differences in PD-L1 expression were observed at different times in the same group. These findings showed that different regimens of RT have different effects on the tumor microenvironment (TME), so a combination of RT and immune checkpoint blockade could be clinically used in cancer patients.

The effects of radiation therapy (RT) for cancer can be systemic and partially mediated by the immune system. However, radiation alone is unlikely to transform an immunosuppressive environment into an immunostimulatory one. Therefore, an effective combination of RT and immunotherapy may provide a new, more efficient treatment approach. Here, we investigated how the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the tumor microenvironment varied in different RT regimens with the same biologically effective dose. In this study, female BALB/c mice inoculated with CT26 tumor cells were irradiated with 3 different RT regimens using the same BED of 40 gray (Gy). These included ablative RT (1*15 Gy), hypo-fractionated RT (2*10 Gy), and conventional (Hyper-fractionated) RT (10*3 Gy). PD-L1 expression was analyzed with immunohistochemical staining on days 2 and 20 and when the size of tumors had reached 2 cm2 after RT. All treated groups expressed PD-L1, but the group receiving single ablative high-dose RT showed higher expression compared to the other groups. No significant differences in PD-L1 expression were observed at different times in the same group. These findings showed that different regimens of RT have different effects on the TME, so a combination of RT and immune checkpoint blockade could be clinically used in cancer patients.