The increasing population in large cities and the unbalanced urban growth associated with massive use of private cars in metropolitan areas often lead to traffic jams and road congestion that warrant the construction of such capital-intensive buildings as off-street public parking facilities. However, the initial problem in such projects is locating a suitable spot where all citizens can be conveniently served and the traffic load in busy city centers can be reduced by removing the need for on-street parking facilities. In this paper, an urban transportation network including, a number of parking demand points, a set of possible sitting locations, and several entry points of traffic flow are considered. Four objectives are generally considered for the public off-street parking location problem that include reducing traffic congestion, maximizing coverage demand, minimizing walking distance between demand points and new parking facilities, and decreasing related costs. The flow-capturing model has been exploited to develop two approaches for minimizing traffic congestion. Based on these approaches and other objectives, two models have been proposed. The covering distance of parking facilities will be uncertain in these models. Traffic flow entry points, driver’s path, and different types of parking lots have also been considered. Finally, relevant information and data required for implementing the proposed models were collected on two traffic zones in Central Business Districts (CBD) of Isfahan (Iran). Then, the ε-constraint method was used to solve the proposed multi-objectives models and the best candidate points for establishing new off-street parking facilities were determined.
Brassinosteroids are a group of plant hormones that have significant biological effects on plant growth and development. The effects of 28-homobrassinolide (HBR) on growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, carbohydrate fractions and essential oil content of savory herbs (Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad) were investigated. Foliar application of 28-homobrassinolide at 10 -10 , 10 -8 and 10 -6 M concentrations substantially increased growth. 28-homobrassinolide at 10 -6 M concentrations improved herbage yield as reflected in the increase of foliar biomass. Exogenous application of 28-homobrassinolide increased the rate of photosynthesis. Growth promotion was also associated with increased chlorophyll content and resulted in the accumulation of carbohydrate fractions. At 10 -6 and 10 -8 M concentrations, 28homobrassinolide also incremented the total content of essential oils. The quantitative analysis of savory oil from the savory plant treated with 10 -6 M concentration revealed an increase in carvacrol and paracymene contents and a decrease in the γ-terpinene content. Collectively, the present study demonstrates a positive impact of the new group of phytohormones on the agronomic performance of savory plant, a highly valued aromatic plant.
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