A culturally sensitive, reliable and valid instrument is crucial to better understand the self-efficacy of childbirth as a basis for developing effective interventions to increase normal childbirth among Iranian pregnant women.

This cross-sectional study compared cognitive-related variables for caesarean delivery in a private and public hospital in Tehran and assessed their association with maternal preference for delivery mode. A sample of 300 pregnant women in their final trimester of uncomplicated pregnancy was recruited from 1 private and 1 public hospital. They completed the Fear of Pain, Childbirth Attitude and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale questionnaires, and their sociodemographic data and delivery preference were recorded. Maternal preference for caesarean delivery was significantly higher in women in the private hospital, and they were significantly more likely to fear pain and childbirth than those in the public hospital; however, both were equally likely to catastrophize in painful situations. Women's preference for caesarean delivery in both hospitals was significantly associated with all the cognitive factors. Other factors are likely to contribute to the difference in caesarean delivery in the private and public hospital. . Leurs données sociodémographiques ainsi que leurs préférences en matière d'accouchement ont été enregistrées. Les préférences de mères pour une césarienne étaient bien supérieures chez les femmes consultant à l'hôpital privé, et celles-ci étaient nettement plus susceptibles d'avoir peur de la douleur et de l'accouchement que les femmes consultant à l'hôpital public ; toutefois, les femmes des deux groupes présentaient une probabilité égale de dramatiser les situations douloureuses. Les préférences des femmes pour une césarienne dans les deux hôpitaux étaient significativement associées à l'ensemble des facteurs cognitifs. D'autres facteurs sont susceptibles de contribuer à la différence entre hôpital public et hôpital privé en ce qui concerne la préférence d'un accouchement par césarienne.

Introduction: Many ill children have symptoms and signs, some of which are dangerous. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of education on self-efficacy of mothers about alerting signs in children less than five years. Methods: This interventional, semi-experimental study was conducted on 116 mothers with children under five years old, referring for treatment to six health centers in Arak, Iran. Data was collected using multistage sampling, with the completion of a researchermade valid and reliable questionnaire together with interviews. Then, based on this questionnaire, results that was training needs assessment selected educational ways and designed educational program. Educational intervention in the case group was established during the four learning sessions and was conducted posttest by questionnaire completion, three months after the educational intervention. Finally, data were analyzed by SPSS software in significance level of P > 0.05. Results: Findings showed that the average scores of mothers' self-efficacy in intervention and control groups did not have a meaningful relationship before the intervention, using independent t-test (P < 0.05), but there was a meaningful relationship between them after the intervention by paired t-test (P > 0.001). This difference in the intervention group was three times more. conclusions: Based on the results of this study, educational intervention on initial assessment was effective in improving mothers' self-efficacy about alerting signs in children, and helpful training programscan be designed based on that.

Background: Considering that neonatal are the most sensitive group to kind of diseases, the present study aimed an investigating the relationship between theory of planned behavior construct with the pregnant women intention about neonatal care.Method: In this cross-sectional study, 100 pregnant women in trimester of pregnancy were selected by random sampling. Data was collected using valid and reliable questionnaire and interviews conducted with pregnant women. The questionnaire included demographic characteristic of the mothers and theory planned behavior construct. Finally the data were analyzed by SPSS 20 T-test, Chi-square, Correlation, ANOVA and regression.Results: The average age of the sample was 26.12±4.9 and the average duration of marriage age was 3.9 ±2.74 years. There was a high correlation between perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention (r=0.40; p < 0.001). Over 40% of pregnant women were shown to lack overall Knowledge about the items related to neonatal care. The mothers who were better prepared for parenting tended to have a higher level of schooling, perceived control behavior and knowledge. Regression analysis showed that the knowledge and perceived behavior control R2 =32% in the prediction of neonatal care intentions.Conclusions: Findings of this study show support for the predictive ability of the theory of planned behavior in predicting for neonatal care therefore the design of educational intervention should be based on intention and knowledge as the most important predictors of maternal behavior.

Background: Kidney failure is one of the most important late complication in type 2 patients with diabetes, so more of half-people are wait to graft kidney are people that caused to diabetes. The purpose of this study, was predict to care of kidney in type 2 diabetes patients based on Health Belief Model (HBM).Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, 242 patients with type 2 diabetes select with simple sampling of health centers in Arak ( a city in Iran) in 2020 and health behaviors of kidneys collected based on HBM with reliable and validity of questionaries’ and analyses by linear regression logistic.Results: The mean age of patients was 47.51 ±7.86 years. FBS average was 159.65 ± 55.01 mi/dc and average of performance of patients about care of kidney was 30/31± 6/42. Among HBM construct predicted about %38 perceived severity, %67.6 knowledge, %31.8 self-efficacy and %16.4 internal cues to action, these cases have the most power for prediction and total of construct predict health behavior of kidneys that are about %49. Conclusion: This study showed that increasing patients information in field of recognizing kidney failure, emphasis on role of cues to action and finally increasing self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes about care of kidney should be emphasis in education programs for preventing of kidney failure.

Background & Objectives: Effect of stress on acne is still challenging, but some studies deny this hypothesis. This study aimed to determine the relationship between stress and Acne among high school girl students in Bojnurd. Material & Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study. Two hundred (200) students were selected by simple random. A tool used was the standardized stress questionnaire of Harry. Having or not acne was clinically diagnosed by a dermatologist Data was analyzed using independent sample t test and chi square test, and SPSS software package (version 21). Results: Of participants, 167 girl students (83.5%) suffered from stress and tension. Almost 33 students (16.5%) were normal. The mean score of stress was 155.71 in the group of Acne and 155.75 in the control group. The mean difference was not significant between two groups (p=0.991). The ratio of tension in the Acne group was 82% and in the control group 85%. There was no significant ratio between groups (p=0.568). Conclusion: Our findings showed that the prevalence of Acne was high in theses girl students, and the stress level was high in high school girl students in both groups, but there was no significant relationship between stress and Acne in them. It is suggested to perform further studies.

A case of a two-year-old male child with dwarfism and failure to thrive, having a chromatin-positive buccal smear and 47 chromosomes, with XXY sex chromosomes, is presented. The testicular biopsy supports the diagnosis of Klinefelter's syndrome. Most adult patients with Klinefelter's syndrome are tall, but this case suggests that it may be useful to perform buccal smears for nuclear sex determination in dwarfed children with male phenotype, when a definitive diagnosis is not readily evident.

Background: Considering that neonatal are the most sensitive group to kind of diseases, the present study aimed to evaluation of the predictive power of the Theory of Planned Behavior on the intention of pregnant women to neonatal care.Method: In this cross-sectional study, 100 pregnant women in trimester of pregnancy were selected by random sampling. Data was collected using valid and reliable questionnaire and interviews conducted with pregnant women. The questionnaire included demographic characteristic of the mothers and theory planned behavior construct. Finally the data were analyzed by SPSS 20 T-test, Chi-square, Correlation, ANOVA and regression. Results: The average age of the sample was 26.12±4.9 and the average duration of marriage age was 3.9 ±2.74 years. There was a high correlation between perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention (r=0.40; p < 0.001). Over 40% of pregnant women were shown to lack overall Knowledge about the items related to neonatal care. The mothers who were better prepared for parenting tended to have a higher level of schooling, perceived control behavior and knowledge. Regression analysis showed that the knowledge and perceived behavior control R2 =32% in the prediction of neonatal care intentions.Conclusions: Findings of this study show support for the predictive ability of the theory of planned behavior in predicting for neonatal care therefore the design of educational intervention should be based on intention and knowledge as the most important predictors of maternal behavior.