The results of this investigation clearly indicate that there was a significant (p<0.001) role of dietary salt in the development of hypertension.
Objectives: The issue of food-additive-toxicity causing several health hazards needs to be therapeutically managed in an immediate effect. Alloxan, a food additive, used for whitening and shining of flour, is capable of inducing genotoxicity, diabetes, and associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, to explore a non-toxic, phyto-based compound which could delay the onset of diabetes and prevent the multitude of damage associated therein, Chlorophyllin (CHL), was selected for our study having been reported to exhibit anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory responses. Therefore, the objectives of the present study aimed to evaluate the protective role of CHL in controlling genotoxicity, glucose imbalance, and associated cytochrome c mediated mitochondrial signaling dysfunction against food-additive-induced genotoxicity, diabetic state, and its complexities in mice model in vivo. Method: Mice were pre-treated with CHL through oral gavage before they were exposed to alloxan. Diabetic markers, antioxidant enzyme profile, chromosomal study, mitochondrial functioning factors, and expression of proteins were checked against food-additive injected mice. Results: The results revealed that CHL pre-treatment could delay the onset of diabetes, restrict alloxan-induced elevation of blood glucose, reduce DNA-damage and chromosomal aberration, optimize enzymatic profile (glucokinase, pyruvate, insulin), and modulates protein expression (insulin, IRS1, IRS2, GLUT2). Further, CHL-pre-treatment could stabilize mitochondrial-membrane-potential, intracellular calcium ion, ATP/ADP ratio, ATPase activity thereby maintaining optimum functioning of cytochrome-c, bcl2, and caspase3 mitochondrial protein. Conclusion: Therefore, the present study reports for the first time, the screening of phyto-based bioactive CHL for preventing/limiting the extent of food-additive-induced genotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction and serve as an advanced therapeutic tool in the management of diabetes.
Background In diabetic animals, there is a significant increase in plasma glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels, and decreased body weight, liver and muscle glycogen, and high-density lipoprotein. Effective treatment of diabetes mellitus is not yet known, even though the management of diabetes mellitus is considered a global concern. Plants and herbs have played an important role in the healthcare of many societies throughout history. Today’s researchers are investigating the potential for using these nonpharmaceutical approaches to treat and control diabetes, either in conjunction with standard treatments or as an alternative to them. Herbal formulations are favored because to lower cost and fewer side effects compared to other methods for alleviating diabetes and its consequences. In ethnomedicinal practices, different parts of Mangifera indica are used to treatment of diabetes. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of an ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica and mangiferin in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This experiment was conducted in a set of two with four groups of animals namely control (Tc), treatment alloxan (Ta), treatment extract (Tae), and treatment mangiferin (Tam). To develop diabetes, Wistar rats treated with 150 mg/kg b.w. of alloxan monohydrate were injected intraperitoneally. Tae and Tam’s groups received a freshly prepared single dose of extract and mangiferin in distilled water via the oral route. All experimental groups received laboratory pallet feed diet and drinking water ad libitum. Diabetic rats were treated for 21 days with an ethanolic extract of mango peel and pure mangiferin orally daily at rates of 200 mg/kg b.w. and 20 mg/kg b.w. Results An alloxan-induced diabetic rat treated with mango peel extract and mangiferin significantly improved the overhead impact due to diabetes. There was a significant (p < 0.05) body weight loss in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Ta), whereas animals given mango peel extract and mangiferin showed a significant increase in body weight from 2 weeks onwards in comparison with control. Alloxan-induced rats (Ta) group have higher blood glucose levels and are significantly different (p < 0.01) from the control group. Mango peel extract and mangiferin significantly reduced the levels of fasting glucose after 21 days of treatment in comparison with diabetic animals. Mango peel extract and mangiferin influence the glycogen synthesis pathway in diabetes groups by increasing glycogen levels in muscle and liver. mango peel extract and mangiferin were found to have a nonsignificant impact on plasma cholesterol and HDL levels compared with the control group. Mango peel extract was found to have a significant difference (p < 0.05) in LDL levels compared with the control group. Mangiferin was found to have a significant difference (p < 0.05) in triglyceride and VLDL levels when compared with the control group. Histopathological examination of the pancreas in rats with type I diabetes caused by alloxan found that therapy with an ethanolic extract of mango peel and mangiferin restored beta cell function as well as rejuvenation of Islets of Langerhans. Conclusions Mango peel extract and mangiferin have antidiabetic, glycogenesis, and hypolipidemic properties when administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Graphical abstract
Background: This review critically addresses the putative molecular targets of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) and screens effective phytocompounds that can be therapeutically beneficial, and highlights their mechanistic modalities of action. Introduction: DN has become one of the most prevalent complications of clinical hyperglycemia, with individual-specific variations in the disease spectrum that leads to fatal consequences. Diverse etiologies involving oxidative and nitrosative stress, activation of polyol pathway, inflammasome formation, Extracellular Matrix (ECM) modifications, fibrosis, and change in dynamics of podocyte functional and mesangial cell proliferation adds up to the clinical complexity of DN. Current synthetic therapeutics lacks target-specific approach, and is associated with the development of inevitable residual toxicity and drug resistance. Phytocompounds provides a vast diversity of novel compounds that can become an alternative therapeutic approach to combat the DN. Method: Relevant publications were searched and screened from research databases like GOOGLE SCHOLAR, PUBMED and SCISEARCH. Out of 4895 publications, the most relevant publications were selected and included in this article. Result: This study critically reviews over 60 most promising phytochemical and provides with their molecular targets, that can be of pharmacological significance in context to current treatment and concomitant research in DN. Conclusion: This review highlights those most promising phytocompounds that have the potential of becoming new safer naturally-sourced therapeutic candidates and demands further attention at clinical level.
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