Background Powdery mildew was found in most of the sunflower fields in Egypt, causing severe yellowing of the blade, petiole, stem and calyx, as well as a considerable defoliation during the summer season of 2018. Out of the fungal mycelium from infected leaves, collected from sunflower fields in the four Egyptian Governorates (Kafr El-Sheikh, Gharbia, Giza and El-Beheira), five isolates of powdery mildew pathogen were obtained and identified using morphological and molecular identification methods. Results In 2019 and 2020 seasons, five biocontrol agents (Bacillus subtilis, B. pumilus, Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and T. koningii) were used to control powdery mildew disease on sunflower plants under field conditions compared with the fungicide (Vectra 10% SC). Treatments were significantly effective for controlling the powdery mildew disease relative to the control. The best treatment for reducing disease parameters (final disease severity (FDS%), area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and efficacy) than the control was T. koningii. Foliar application of all the tested treatments improved plant height, head and stem diameters and seed yield in relation to untreated plants (control). The components (FDS%, AUDPC and efficacy) were extracted and described approximately 95.251% of the pooled data of seasons 2019 and 2020. In such pooled data, the principal components (PC1, PC2 and PC3) of all disease parameters, plant development parameters and yield components were recorded 76.305, 86.635 and 96.265% of the total variance, respectively. Conclusion A biological control agent, such as T. koningii, can be suggested for disease control based on the experimental findings.
Different pesticide residues (carbofuran, carbosulfan, methomyl, malation, silycron and cypermethrin) were extracted from treated samples of tomatoes fruits and potatoes tubers before and after food processing. GLC, spectrophotometric and enzymatic methods were used to determine pesticide residues in different samples. Pesticide residues for all pesticides were detected with the previous methods with some variation in results depending on the methods sensitivity. The pesticide residues concentration in potatoes tubers were ranged between 8.74 and 7.24 ppm for cypermethrin and malathion with using spectrophotometric methods, while these residues concentrations were ranged between 8.407 and 7.79 ppm for carbofuran and malathion by using enzymatic methods. Silycron residues was 8.3 ppm with using GLC. Also the same parameters was used with tomatoes fruits. The detected concentrations for malathion was ranged between 8.22 and 0.534 ppm with used spectrophotometric methods before and after food processing. The detected pesticide residues of methomyl and malathion were used to determine their effects on some enzymes activities (in vivo).Results showed that all concentrations were affected gradually on the alanine amino transaminase (ALT), aspartate amino transaminase (AST), acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and acetyle cholinestrase (AchE) activities.
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