This paper examines the risk of time poverty defined as leisure participation among informal caregivers of adults and older people. We draw on the most recent time use survey conducted in Poland, which incorporated more than 28,000 households in 2013. We assess the extent to which caregivers are more likely to experience shortages of time spent on physical activity, hobbies, and social life. Additional information about respondents’ time preferences allows us to examine not only the objective and relative time deficits of caregivers, but also the subjective and expressed ones. We distinguish between co-resident caregivers and those living outside the household of care recipients, simultaneously accounting for the differences between male and female caregivers, as well as care provided during working days (Monday-Friday), and that provided on weekends (Saturday-Sunday). Our results indicate that caregivers for adults are in general more likely to allocate less time to physical activity, hobbies, and their social lives. This effect, however, is observed primarily among co-resident caregivers, both male and female. The leisure time of caregivers is more noticeably affected during weekends than on working days. Concurrently, caregivers are more likely to admit that they wish to spend more time on different forms of leisure activity. This confirms the hypothesis of a trade-off between time allocated to elderly care and that allocated to self-care, which can be detrimental to the health, life satisfaction, and wellbeing of informal caregivers.
This paper addresses the issue of parental employment and hours of work and their impact on children's educational outcomes at the age of 16. I contribute to existing research by applying more accurate measures of parental time spent outside the household-using direct measures of hours spent at work and commuting, and by examining the independent effect of mothers' and fathers' work involvement, as well as their joint effect. Additionally, I use longitudinal datasets that allow for the examination of the impact of parental hours of work in the preceding year on the child's exam results in the following year. In contrast to previous studies, which focus on the early development of the child, I examine the parental employment while the child is preparing for a final secondary school certificate. My results show that there is a statistically significant and positive association between parental engagement in the labour market and number of final secondary school exams taken by the child. In contrast, I found that children whose parents work very long hours perform worse at the GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) level. This result holds even if unobservable family characteristics are taken into account in family-fixed effects' and siblings' estimations.
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