Interferons are a family of proteins that are released by a variety of cells in response to infections caused by viruses. Currently, we distinguish three types of interferons. They are classified based on the nucleotide sequence, interaction with specific receptors, chromosomal location, structure and physicochemical properties. The following interferons are classified as type I: α, β, ω, κ, ε, ζ, τ, δ, ν. They are recognized and bound by a receptor formed by two peptides, IFN-αR1 and IFN-αR2. Representative of type II interferons is interferon-γ. It binds to a receptor composed of chains IFNGR-1 and IFNGR-2. The recently classified type III interferons comprise IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2, and IFN-λ3. They act on receptors formed by λR1 IFN-and IL-10R2 subunits. A high level of antiviral protection is achieved by IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-λ. Antiviral activity of interferons is based on the induction and regulation of innate and acquired immune mechanisms. By binding to transmembrane receptors, IFN interacts with target cells mainly by activating the JAK/STAT, but also other signaling pathways. This leads to induction and activation of many antiviral agents, such as protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR), ribonuclease 2-5A pathway, and Mx proteins, as well as numerous apoptotic pathways. As a result of the protective effect of interferons, the virus binding to cells and viral particles penetration into cells is stopped, and the release of the nucleocapsid from an envelope is suppressed. Disruption of transcription and translation processes of the structural proteins prevents the formation of virions or budding of viruses, and as a result degradation of the viral mRNA; the started processes inhibit the chain synthesis of viral proteins and therefore further stimulate the immune system cells.
This study characterizes mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) from selected unpolluted locations as well as subjected to industrial emissions. To determine the species of bacteria isolated from the roots of ectomycorrhizal pine and birch, a method based on the sequence analysis of a 16S rRNA gene was used. The isolated bacteria were initially characterized by available biochemical methods and phenotypic observation. On the selected bacteria representatives isolation of DNA was performed, on which the PCR reaction was carried out. In this way amplifi ed samples were automatically sequenced and the obtained results were compared to public databases. Among the isolated bacteria Pseudomonas fl uorescens SBW25 and Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 species were dominant.
Abstract. The role of the CCHCR1 (coiled-coil α-helical rod protein 1) protein in the cell is poorly understood. It is thought to be engaged in processes such as proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, tissue-specific gene transcription and steroidogenesis. It is supposed to participate in keratinocyte transformation. It has also been found that this protein interacts with the E2 protein of human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16). The oncogenic HPV forms, such as HPV16, are known to be necessary but not sufficient agents in the development of cervical carcinoma. In the present study, the CCHCR1 gene coding sequence and its expression was analyzed in normal, precancerous and cervical cancer cells. Changes in the noncoding region were found in 20.3% of the examined probes from women with cervical cancer or precancerous lesions and in 16.67% of the control probes. Most of the detected changes were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Changes in the coding region were found in 22.8% of the probes with cervical cancer and in 16.67% of the control probes and all of them were SNPs. The level of CCHCR1 transcripts was determined using the real-time PCR method and the highest gene expression was detected in the H-SIL group and slightly decreased in the cervical carcinoma cells, compared with the control probes. It suggests that CCHCR1 could have a role in the process of cervical epithelial cell transformation, but this suggestion must be confirmed experimentally.
Streszczenie: Niebezpieczeństwo wynikające z obecności pałeczek z rodzaju Listeria, zwłaszcza Listeria monocytogenes w środowisku i produktach spożywczych, każdego roku przyczynia się do zejść śmiertelnych, zarówno wśród ludzi jak i zwierząt. Zdolność bakterii do egzystencji saprofitycznej oraz pasożytniczej, a także niewrażliwość na wiele czynników fizykochemicznych, znacząco ułatwia rozprzestrzenianie i gwarantuje dostęp do szerokiej grupy osobników podatnych na infekcję. Pomimo tego, że czynniki predysponujące do rozwoju zakażenia pociągają za sobą stosunkowo niską częstość jego wystąpienia, to charakteryzuje je wysoka śmiertelność i znaczny stopień hospitalizacji. Choroba objawia się najczęściej w postaci bakteriemii, zapalenia opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych i mózgu, a także zakażeń okołoporodowych. Sposób rozprzestrzeniania bakterii w organizmie sprawia, że wciąż identyfikowane są nowe typy zachorowań. Najnowsze badania dotyczące nabywania cech chorobotwórczości, wysokości dawki, czy rozwoju antybiotykooporności, a także liczne raporty dotyczące częstości występowania tych bakterii i powodowanych przez nie lokalnych epidemii, doprowadziły do zwiększenia częstości kontroli w tym zakresie i zmiany kwalifikacji choroby. Obecnie listeriozę postrzega się jako współczesne zagrożenie dla życia i zdrowia.
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