Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. There are two distinct histological types of EC: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Etiologic factors and the patterns of incidence of both subtypes are different. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) play an important role in esophageal carcinogenesis. Gellatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 are able to degrade collagen IV from basement membranes and extracellular matrix which is related to tumor progression, including invasion, metastasis, growth and angiogenesis. It has been shown that increased expression of MMPs plays a crucial role in the development of several human malignancies, including esophageal cancer. The activity of MMPs is regulated by their endogenous natural inhibitors (TIMPs). Among these, the roles of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in EC development, tumor progression and formation of metastases have been most extensively characterized and best recognized.

Previous studies have shown elevated serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with pancreatic cancer (PC). The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic usefulness of pretreatment serum levels of IL-6 and CRP to differentiate between PC and chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients. Serum levels of CRP, IL-6, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) were determined in 78 patients with PC before surgery, in 45 patients with CP, and in 70 healthy controls. Serum levels of all the proteins tested were significantly higher in cancer patients when compared with CP and healthy subjects, and increased in more advanced tumor stages. Concentrations of IL-6 were significantly higher in nonresectable tumors and in patients who died during the 2-year observation period. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve for IL-6 was higher than for other substances tested in the differentiation between PC and CP. Cox's univariate analysis revealed serum IL-6 as a significant prognostic factor of patients' survival. Our findings suggest higher diagnostic usefulness of serum IL-6 than CRP, CEA, and CA 19-9 in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with PC and in the differentiation with CP.

Our findings suggest the usefulness of interleukin-6 in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer patients and C-reactive protein in the survival prognosis.

The causative role of amyloid β 1-42 (Aβ42) aggregation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been under debate for over 25 years. Primarily, scientific efforts have focused on the dyshomeostasis between production and clearance of Aβ42. This imbalance may result from mutations either in genes for the substrate, i.e., amyloid precursor protein or in genes encoding presenilin, the enzyme of the reaction that generates Aβ42. Currently, it is supposed that soluble oligomers of amyloid beta (AβOs) and not fibrillar Aβ42 within neuritic plaques may be the toxic factors acting on a very early stage of AD, perhaps even initiating pathological cascade. For example, soluble AβOs isolated from AD patients' brains reduced number of synapses, inhibited long-term potentiation, and enhanced long-term synaptic depression in brain regions responsible for memory in animal models of AD. Concentrations of AβOs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients are often reported higher than in non-demented controls, and show a negative correlation with mini-mental state examination scores. Furthermore, increased Aβ42/oligomer ratio in the CSF of AD/MCI patients indicated that the presence of soluble AβOs in CSF may be linked to lowering of natively measured monomeric Aβ42 by epitopes masking, and hence, concentrations of AβOs in the CSF are postulated to as useful AD biomarkers.

Among heterogeneous primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), gliomas are the most frequent type, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) characterized with the worst prognosis. In their development, certain chemokine/receptor axes play important roles and promote proliferation, survival, metastasis, and neoangiogenesis. However, little is known about the significance of atypical receptors for chemokines (ACKRs) in these tumors. The objective of the study was to present the role of chemokines and their conventional and atypical receptors in CNS tumors. Therefore, we performed a thorough search for literature concerning our investigation via the PubMed database. We describe biological functions of chemokines/chemokine receptors from various groups and their significance in carcinogenesis, cancer-related inflammation, neo-angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Furthermore, we discuss the role of chemokines in glioma development, with particular regard to their function in the transition from low-grade to high-grade tumors and angiogenic switch. We also depict various chemokine/receptor axes, such as CXCL8-CXCR1/2, CXCL12-CXCR4, CXCL16-CXCR6, CX3CL1-CX3CR1, CCL2-CCR2, and CCL5-CCR5 of special importance in gliomas, as well as atypical chemokine receptors ACKR1-4, CCRL2, and PITPMN3. Additionally, the diagnostic significance and usefulness of the measurement of some chemokines and their receptors in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of glioma patients is also presented.

PurposeTumor cells, including colorectal cancer (CRC), are able to produce and release matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) which is involved in tumor invasion and metastasis. Natural tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate activity of MMPs and stimulate tumor growth and malignant transformation. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical significance of serum MMP-9 with TIMP-1 in the diagnosis of CRC patients and in the differentiation between colorectal adenoma (CA) and cancer.MethodsSerum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were measured in 75 CRC patients, 35 CA, and 70 healthy subjects using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) were determined by microparticle enzyme immunoassay.ResultsSerum levels of all proteins tested were significantly higher in CRC patients than in healthy subjects. Additionally, serum TIMP-1 was significantly higher in patients with CRC than in CA patients. Concentrations of TIMP-1 correlated with tumor stage, nodal involvement, presence of distant metastases, patients' survival, and tumor resectability. Diagnostic sensitivity of TIMP-1 was higher (61%) than those of other biomarkers (MMP-9, 55%; CEA, 39%; CA 19-9, 11%), and increased in combined use with MMP-9 (75%) or CEA (73%). The areas under receiver operating characteristic curves of TIMP-1 were larger than those of MMP-9.ConclusionsOur findings suggest better usefulness of serum TIMP-1 than MMP-9 in the diagnosis of CRC, especially in the assessment of Duke's classification of tumor stage, survival of cancer patients, resectability of tumor, and in the differentiation between CA and cancer.

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It is estimated that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects tens of millions of people, comprising not only suffering patients, but also their relatives and caregivers. AD is one of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) characterized by progressive synaptic damage and neuronal loss, which result in gradual cognitive impairment leading to dementia. The cause of AD remains still unresolved, despite being studied for more than a century. The hallmark pathological features of this disease are senile plaques within patients’ brain composed of amyloid beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of Tau protein. However, the roles of Aβ and Tau in AD pathology are being questioned and other causes of AD are postulated. One of the most interesting theories proposed is the causative role of amyloid β oligomers (AβOs) aggregation in the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, binding of AβOs to cell membranes is probably mediated by certain proteins on the neuronal cell surface acting as AβO receptors. The aim of our paper is to describe alternative hypotheses of AD etiology, including genetic alterations and the role of misfolded proteins, especially Aβ oligomers, in Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, in this review we present various putative cellular AβO receptors related to toxic activity of oligomers.