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Background. fish and seafood are the main source of docosahexaenoic acid (dHa) and eicosapentaenoic acid (epa) in the diet. there is no available data concerning the intake of fish and seafood by pregnant polish women. Objectives. the purpose of the study was to analyze the consumption of fish and seafood by pregnant women and to estimate the daily supply of dHa and epa provided by these products. Material and methods. a fish and seafood intake questionnaire was given to 204 full-term pregnant women. Results. 23% of the surveyed women did not eat any fish during pregnancy; 58% ate fish once a week or once every two weeks; 19% of pregnant women ate fish 2-3 times a week; only 5% of respondents ate seafood. the surveyed pregnant women recorded a total of 0.28 (range 0-1.9) g dHa per day and 0.131 (range 0-1.16) g epa per day from the supply of fish in their diet. the recommended daily requirement varies depending on the source: for dHa (0.2 g/day or 0.6 g/day) and for epa (0.22 g/day); thus, 52% or even 86% and 80% of surveyed women, respectively, obtained through their diet of fish and seafood less than the recommended daily intake of dHa and epa. Conclusions. fish and seafood consumption during pregnancy is either low or rare. the amount of fish and seafood in the diet of pregnant women does not meet the daily requirement for docohexaenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. dietary modifications in pregnancy are strongly advised in order to prevent a deficiency of dHa and epa. Key words: fish, pregnancy, diet, eicosapentaenoic acid, seafood, docosahexaenoic acid. Summary ISSN 1734-3402, eISSN 2449-8580this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution-noncommercial-sharealike 4.0 international (cc By-nc-sa 4.0). license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). Broś-Konopielko M, Białek a, oleszczuk-Modzelewska l, zaleśkiewicz B, różańska-walędziak a, teliga-czajkowska J, tokarz a, czajkowski K. consumption of fish and seafood by pregnant polish women and the supply of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid from these products.

Essential fatty acids (EFA) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) are considered the most valuable bioactive fatty acids (FA) of the greatest importance for the mother’s and child’s health (e.g., placentation process, labor course, development of the central nervous system, visual acuity, cognitive functions), which results in dietary recommendations concerning EFA and LC PUFA intake in the diet of pregnant women. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of different food products consumption and ‘omega’ dietary supplements usage in groups of pregnant women. We also measured n-3 and n-6 FA content in serum samples of pregnant women and their children with the GC-FID technique, estimated the efficacy of applied supplementation, and compared the usefulness of different dietary supplements dedicated for pregnant women. ‘Omega’ dietary supplements effectively increased LC PUFA in the maternal blood (EPA, p = 0.0379; DHA p < 0.0001; n-3 PUFA, p < 0.0001), which penetrated the umbilical cord (EPA, p = 0.0131; DHA, p = 0.0288). If fish and seafood consumption is not enough, dietary supplements of the highest quality may provide sufficient LC PUFA without apprehension of MetHg contamination. ‘Omega’ dietary supplementation seems the most efficient way of providing an optimal supply of LC PUFA for the developing child from the earliest stages of development, which will bring advantages in the child’s future life and its health.

Diet influences the health of pregnant women and their children in prenatal, postnatal and adult periods. GC-FID fatty acids profile analysis in maternal serum and a survey of dietary habits were performed in 161 pregnant patients from the II Faculty and Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Medical University of Warsaw. Their diet did not fulfil all nutritional recommendations regarding dietary fat sources. Olive and rapeseed oil were the most popular edible oils. High usage of sunflower oil as well as high consumption of butter were also observed, whereas fish and fish oil intake by pregnant women was low. A chemometric approach for nutritional data, connected with anthropometric, sociodemographic and biochemical parameters regarding mothers and newborns, was conducted for diet and its impact estimation. It revealed four clusters of patients with differing fatty acids profile, which resulted from differences in their dietary habits. Multiparous women to a lesser extent followed dietary recommendations, which resulted in deterioration of fatty acids profile and higher frequency of complications. Observed high usage of sunflower oil is disquieting due to its lower oxidative stability, whereas high butter consumption is beneficial due to conjugated linoleic acids supply. Pregnant women should also be encouraged to introduce fish and fish oil into their diet, as these products are rich sources of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA). Multiparous women should be given special medical care by medical providers (physicians, midwifes and dietitians) and growing attention from the government to diminish the risk of possible adverse effects affecting mother and child.

Background. urinary incontinence is defined as any involuntary loss of urine. the tVt (tension-free Vaginal tape) operation is a treatment for stress urinary incontinence introduced in poland in the year 2000. there are few studies evaluating the long-term effectiveness of tVt in polish women. Objectives. to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of tVt in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women. Material and methods. 40 women operated on in the period 1999-2004 were recalled 12.6 ± 1.2 years after tVt for a follow-up study. 85 vs 15% of women were operated on due to primary vs recurrent stress incontinence, respectively. 20 vs 80% of the patients had mixed vs pure stress urinary incontinence, respectively. the effectiveness of tVt operations was assessed objectively on the basis of a cough test, and subjectively on improvement after treatment according to the patientsʼ answers (yes/no), pgi-i, psQ and Vas ("0" was the total absence of improvement after surgery, "100" -total improvement). Results. the cough test was negative in 85% of cases. subjectively, 85% of women declared improvement after tVt. Based on pgi-i -77.5% of them maintained improvement after surgery. Based on psQ -70% of the women assessed control of urinary incontinence after surgery as better, 72.5% were satisfied with the results of the operation, and 77.5% of them would recommend tVt to other women. Based on Vas, total improvement was noted by 12.5% of women, 60% of women rated improvement "50-99", and total lack of improvement was noted by 20% of the women. Conclusions. tVt seems to be an effective form of treatment for urinary incontinence in women 12 years after surgery. Key words: urinary incontinence, mid-urethral sling, tVt, effectiveness. Broś-Konopielko M, Chmielewski g, Jodzis a, teliga-Czajkowska J, Czajkowski K. long-term effectiveness of tension-free Vaginal tape (tVt) procedure -twelve years after surgery.