Background. fish and seafood are the main source of docosahexaenoic acid (dHa) and eicosapentaenoic acid (epa) in the diet. there is no available data concerning the intake of fish and seafood by pregnant polish women. Objectives. the purpose of the study was to analyze the consumption of fish and seafood by pregnant women and to estimate the daily supply of dHa and epa provided by these products. Material and methods. a fish and seafood intake questionnaire was given to 204 full-term pregnant women. Results. 23% of the surveyed women did not eat any fish during pregnancy; 58% ate fish once a week or once every two weeks; 19% of pregnant women ate fish 2-3 times a week; only 5% of respondents ate seafood. the surveyed pregnant women recorded a total of 0.28 (range 0-1.9) g dHa per day and 0.131 (range 0-1.16) g epa per day from the supply of fish in their diet. the recommended daily requirement varies depending on the source: for dHa (0.2 g/day or 0.6 g/day) and for epa (0.22 g/day); thus, 52% or even 86% and 80% of surveyed women, respectively, obtained through their diet of fish and seafood less than the recommended daily intake of dHa and epa. Conclusions. fish and seafood consumption during pregnancy is either low or rare. the amount of fish and seafood in the diet of pregnant women does not meet the daily requirement for docohexaenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. dietary modifications in pregnancy are strongly advised in order to prevent a deficiency of dHa and epa. Key words: fish, pregnancy, diet, eicosapentaenoic acid, seafood, docosahexaenoic acid. Summary ISSN 1734-3402, eISSN 2449-8580this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution-noncommercial-sharealike 4.0 international (cc By-nc-sa 4.0). license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). Broś-Konopielko M, Białek a, oleszczuk-Modzelewska l, zaleśkiewicz B, różańska-walędziak a, teliga-czajkowska J, tokarz a, czajkowski K. consumption of fish and seafood by pregnant polish women and the supply of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid from these products.

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a frequent pregnancy complication, affecting the maternal and neonatal health. The new diagnostic strategy for GDM, proposed by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups in 2010 and World Health Organization in 2013, raised hope to reduce perinatal complications. The purpose of the study was to compare risk factors influencing maternal and foetal outcomes in a group of pregnant women diagnosed with GDM, and in a group of pregnant women without GDM, regardless of the adopted diagnostic criteria. Also, the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of risk factors on perinatal results and the “cost” of reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with GDM. Methods It was a retrospective study based on the analysis of births given after 37 weeks of pregnancy at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Warsaw Medical University during the years 2013 to 2015. All pregnant women had a 75 g OGTT between the 24th and 28th weeks of pregnancy. The study compared risk factors for perinatal complications in 285 GDM patients and in 202 randomly selected women without GDM. The impact of selected risk factors on perinatal outcomes was analysed. Results Both the diagnosis of GDM and maternal BMI prior to pregnancy, significantly modified the risk of excessive and insufficient weight gain during pregnancy. The parameters significantly influencing the risk of the composite adverse maternal outcome were the maternal abdominal circumference [OR: 1.08 (1.04; 1.11)] and multiparity, which reduced the risk by almost half [OR: 0.47 (0.30; 0.75)]. The maternal abdominal circumference before the delivery was a strong factor correlating with the occurrence of perinatal complications in both the mother and the foetus in the entire cohort. A circumference over 100 cm increased the risk of at least one maternal complication (increased blood loss, soft tissue injury, pre-eclampsia) by almost 40% (OR 1.38, p < 0.001). Conclusions No differences were found in maternal and foetal outcomes in GDM and non-GDM women except gestational weight gain below Institute of Medicine recommendations. The only “cost” of reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes in GDM patients seems to be lowering gestational weight gain, the future impact of which on GDM pregnant population should be assessed. The maternal abdominal circumference measured before delivery not the severity of carbohydrate intolerance, remained the main predictor for significant perinatal complications.

Diet influences the health of pregnant women and their children in prenatal, postnatal and adult periods. GC-FID fatty acids profile analysis in maternal serum and a survey of dietary habits were performed in 161 pregnant patients from the II Faculty and Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Medical University of Warsaw. Their diet did not fulfil all nutritional recommendations regarding dietary fat sources. Olive and rapeseed oil were the most popular edible oils. High usage of sunflower oil as well as high consumption of butter were also observed, whereas fish and fish oil intake by pregnant women was low. A chemometric approach for nutritional data, connected with anthropometric, sociodemographic and biochemical parameters regarding mothers and newborns, was conducted for diet and its impact estimation. It revealed four clusters of patients with differing fatty acids profile, which resulted from differences in their dietary habits. Multiparous women to a lesser extent followed dietary recommendations, which resulted in deterioration of fatty acids profile and higher frequency of complications. Observed high usage of sunflower oil is disquieting due to its lower oxidative stability, whereas high butter consumption is beneficial due to conjugated linoleic acids supply. Pregnant women should also be encouraged to introduce fish and fish oil into their diet, as these products are rich sources of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA). Multiparous women should be given special medical care by medical providers (physicians, midwifes and dietitians) and growing attention from the government to diminish the risk of possible adverse effects affecting mother and child.

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus is a frequent complication of pregnancy, affecting the health of mothers and their offspring. The new diagnostic strategy for GDM, proposed by IADPSG in 2010 and WHO in 2013, raised hope for a reduction in perinatal complications. The purpose of the study was to evaluate factors influencing obstetric results in a group of women diagnosed with diabetes, regardless of the adopted diagnostic criteria, compared to a group of pregnant women in whom GDM was excluded. Methods It was a retrospective study based on the analysis of births given after 37 weeks of pregnancy at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Warsaw Medical University during the period from 2013 to 2015. All pregnant women had a 75g OGTT between the 24th and 28th weeks of pregnancy. The study compared risk factors for obstetric complications for patients with gestational diabetes to a group of women without GDM. The impact was analysed of the aforementioned factors on maternal and paediatric obstetric outcomes. Results The parameters significantly influencing the risk of composite adverse maternal outcomes were the circumference of the pregnant woman’s abdomen [OR: 1.08 (1.04; 1.11)] and multiparity, which reduced the risk of this complication by almost half [OR: 0.47 (0.30; 0.75). The size of the maternal abdominal circumference before delivery was a strong factor correlating with the occurrence of perinatal complications in both the mother and the foetus in the entire examined cohort. A circumference over 100 cm increased the risk of at least one pregnancy complication (increased blood loss, soft tissue injuries, pre-eclampsia) by almost 40% (OR 1.38, p < 0.001). Conclusions Apart from normalization of glycaemia, stabilization of the percentage of adipose tissue and non-glycaemic obstetric risk factors may be necessary to obtain further improvement in obstetric outcomes in this pregnant population.