BackgroundPreterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM) is associated with a high risk of prematurity and complications of fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS). The aim of the study is to determine any correlations between the concentration of selected cytokines contained in the cervicovaginal secretion eluates and in the umbilical cord plasma in patients with pPROM and to find the noninvasive markers of FIRS in order to pinpoint the optimal time of the delivery.MethodsThe study included 80 patients with pPROM between the 24th and 34th week of gestation. The cervicovaginal fluid and umbilical cord blood were collected. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 19 (IL-19) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were measured in both materials. For the statistical analysis, SigmaStat3.5 software was used.ResultsThere was no direct association in levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-19 between the cord blood and cervicovaginal secretions within the studied group. The cut-off point of IL-6 of 26.8 pg/mL in the vaginal fluid had high sensitivity and specificity in order to discriminate between newborns with and without FIRS (81.08%; 76.74%).ConclusionFurther studies are needed on a larger group of participants to demonstrate that an elevated concentration of IL-6 above 26.8 pg/mL in the cervicovaginal secretion eluate is an indirect noninvasive marker of FIRS.

Objectives: The aims of our study were to assess the correlation between the amniotic fluid index (AFI) value and the frequency and type of fetal anomalies. Material and methods:The material included 94 patients at the third trimester of pregnancy, 60 with mild polyhydramnios, 19 with moderate one, and 15 with severe one. Polyhydramnios was diagnosed if AFI was > 24 cm. All patients were divided into three groups based on the value of AFI: 1) mild polyhydramnios with AFI between 24.1 and 29.9 cm, 2) moderate polyhydramnios with AFI between 30-34.9 cm, and 3) severe polyhydramnios with AFI ≥ 35 cm. Results:The incidence of fetal malformations correlated significantly with the degree of polyhydramnios and was the highest in patients with severe polyhydramnios (53.3%, p = 0.002). Congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract were the most frequent fetal anomalies in the whole group of patients (5.3%). Trisomy 18 was the most frequent aneuploidy found in women with polyhydramnios (2.1%). Conclusions:1. The incidence of fetal congenital anomalies significantly increases with the degree of polyhydramnios, being most frequent in severe one and rather rare in a mild one. 2. Congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract were the most frequent anomalies in patients with polyhydramnios, especially in women with severe polyhydramnios.

Eutopic endometrium in patients with endometriosis is characterized by aberrant expression of essential genes during the implantation window. It predisposes to disturbance of endometrial receptivity. The pathomechanism of implantation failures in women with endometriosis remains unclear. This paper aims to summarize the knowledge on epigenetic mechanisms in eutopic endometrium in the group of patients with both endometriosis and infertility. The impaired DNA methylation patterns of gene promoter regions in eutopic tissue was established. The global profile of histone acetylation and methylation and the analysis of selected histone modifications showed significant differences in the endometrium of women with endometriosis. Aberrant expression of the proposed candidate genes may promote an unfavorable embryonic implantation environment of the endometrium due to an immunological dysfunction, inflammatory reaction, and apoptotic response in women with endometriosis. The role of the newly discovered proteins regulating gene expression, i.e., TET proteins, in endometrial pathology is not yet completely known. The cells of the eutopic endometrium in women with endometriosis contain a stable, impaired methylation pattern and a histone code. Medication targeting critical genes responsible for the aberrant gene expression pattern in eutopic endometrium may help treat infertility in women with endometriosis.

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Objectives: The aim of our work was to assess the development of children with antenatally diagnosed idiopathic polyhydramnios, over 12 months from the end of pregnancy. Material and methods: The study included 91 healthy pregnant patients with idiopathic polyhydramnios. Diagnostic tests results and perinatal medical history were obtained retrospectively. Parents of children were contacted by phone and by mail. The answers were obtained from 64 (70%) parents. For statistical analysis SigmaStat3.5 software was used. Results: Ninety six percent of parents declared that in their opinion the development of children was normal. Abnormalities were found in 44% of the children. Thirty percent of neonates demonstrated mild abnormalities which may be due to organic or functional neuromuscular disorders: abnormal muscle tone, speech apparatus and development disorders, swallowing and breathing problems (manifested as vomiting, excessive regurgitation, idiopathic apnoeas). Isolated small malformations were diagnosed in 12 (19%) children. Two children (3%) with SGA were diagnosed with genetic syndromes. More than one of the abnormalities described above were diagnosed in 14% of children. Gestational age at the time of polyhydramnios diagnosis and its severity were not prognostic factors for abnormalities. Seventy percent of newborns were male. Conclusions: Despite the subjectively positive assessment of the development of children by the majority of parents, groups of common disorders requiring long-term follow-up have been identified. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, CNS and the group of neuromuscular disorders may be responsible for idiopathic polyhydramnios. SGA with co-existing idiopathic polyhydramnios is associated with the risk of genetic diseases. The more frequent incidence of idiopathic polyhydramnios in male fetuses requires further research.