Background:Catha edulis (Khat) is an evergreen shrub or small tree, traditionally used by various peoples of the Arabian Peninsula and Africa as an integral component of the socioeconomic traditions. It is believed that the psychostimulant nature and toxic nature of khat is primarily due to the presence of cathinone and cathine respectively. Studies have shown that khat chewing is closely associated with cardiac complications, especially myocardial infarction. Hence in this study, we exposed cathine-rich khat extract in a cardiomyoblast H9c2 (2-1) cell line to check the cell death mechanism.Materials and Methods:Extraction of Catha edulis leaves was done and the presence of cathine was confirmed with LC-MS-MS. The anti-proliferative activity was assayed using MTT and apoptosis detection by acridine orange/propidium iodide assay. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein and caspase-3/7 expression were analyzed. The level of reactive oxygen species generation was also evaluated.Results:The khat extract showed an IC50 value of 86.5 μg/ml at 48 hours treatment. We have observed significant early apoptosis events by intervened acridine orange within the fragmented DNA with bright green fluorescence upon treatment. The Bcl-2 expression in the treatment with IC50 concentration of khat extract for 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation significantly decreased with increase in bax level. The increased activation of caspase-3/7 was significantly observed upon treatment together with significant increase of ROS was detected at 24 and 48 hours treatment.Conclusion:Collectively, our results provide insight into the mechanisms by which Catha edulis leaves mediate cell death in cardiomyocytes.SUMMARY Catha edulis (Khat) is an evergreen psychotropic shrub or small treeExtraction of khat leaves was done and the presence of cathine was confirmed with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometryThe khat extract showed an IC50 value of 86.5 μg/ml at 48 h treatment in H9c2 (2–1) cell lineThe observed cell death was associated with increased expression of Bcl2 and caspase-3Significant increase of reactive oxygen species was also detected in the cell with treatment. Abbreviations used: CNS: central nervous system; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; TLC: thin layer chromatography; ESI: electrospray ionization; FBS: fetal bovine serum; DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide; AO; acridine orange; PI; propidium iodide; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; HBSS: hank's balanced salt solution; DCFH-DA: 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescin diacetate; NAC, 10 mM: NAC: N-acetyl cysteine; ROS: reactive oxygen species.

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease identified by excessive fat deposition in the body with the highest risk of disordered lipid profile. Obesity and inappropriate lifestyles such as smoking and fake food not only influence blood lipids but also helps heavy metals and mineral be absorbed and adhered to the tissues with minimal disposal, that producing health problems with ages. A total of 49 female students (18-35 years old) included in this study to assess the relationship between body mass index, heavy metal, and minerals in university students. There is a strong correlation between BMI and potassium, where there is a positively weak relation between selected heavy metal and minerals and BMI. The increases in the presence of heavy metal and minerals in the present study not only depended in the BMI but also as a result of the rise in the effluent flow heavy metal from industrial units found in close nearness to rivers, oceans and seas have ended in an expansion in water bodies and seafood, fruits, vegetable crops and the food chain. That will need further investigation.

Background: Since 2019, several critical effects of the coronavirus pandemic have surfaced, including its psychological problems such as depression. The World Health Organization has approved a group of drugs and vaccines. However, the world still faces novel coronavirus mutations, requiring more ideas to investigate a drug, vaccine and phytochemical potential chemoprevention proposal. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 co-operates directly with the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) to penetrate the target cells.Aims: We aim to introduce the possibility of studying seed oil extract as an anti-depression, anti-stress, anti-epinephrine receptor (PDB: 2rh1) and as potentially binding anti-angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) agent.

Obesity is described as an asymmetrical body weight for height with an extreme growth of adipose tissue that is usually with the highest risk of disordered lipid profile. Obesity is caused by a sequence of excessive food intake, absence of physical motion, and hereditary predisposition. A few instances are caused primarily by genes, endocrine dysfunctions, medicines, or mental confusion. BMI gives a simple numeric test of obesity. BMIs below 20.0kg/m 2 and above 25.0kg/m 2 has been connected with significant various health problems and most of mortality incidence causes. The recent investigations indicate a relationship between obesity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, and short-term weight loss in obese. A total of 39 female students, 18-35 years old, involved in this investigation to evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI), blood lipid, and AChE in female's university students. The present study reveals a strong correlation between BMI and lipid profile. As well, there is a weak negative relation between AChE and BMI in current work. But, All results of AChE in the present results within the reference range. Further long-term studies with a higher number and different types of sexes will be needed to validate and complete evaluate the specific relation between obesity and AChE.

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