Skin as a mechanical barrier between the inner and outer environment of our body protects us against infection and electrolyte loss. This organ consists of 3 layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Any disruption in the integrity of skin leads to the formation of wounds, which are divided into 2 main categories: acute wounds and chronic wounds. Generally, acute wounds heal relatively faster. In contrast to acute wounds, closure of chronic wounds is delayed by 3 months after the initial insult. Treatment of chronic wounds has been one of the most challenging issues in the field of regenerative medicine, promoting scientists to develop various therapeutic strategies for a fast, qualified, and most cost-effective treatment modality. Here, we reviewed more recent approaches, including the development of stem cell therapy, tissue-engineered skin substitutes, and skin equivalents, for the healing of complex wounds.

The survival of the HAD-MSCs for a period of 90 days in VH and even longer period of up to 6 months in other eye tissues makes them a promising source to be considered in regenerative medicine of eye diseases. However, the potency of crossing the BRB by the implanted cells suggests that use of HAD-MSCs must be handled with extreme caution.

Although chicken spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) have received considerable attention in recent years, only a few studies so far have focused on their derivation and characterization in vitro. Identification of specific molecular biomarkers and differentiation capacity of chicken SSCs would not only help us to understand cell and molecular biology of these cells, but also can contribute to their applications in biotechnology. In this regard, we found that colony-forming cells (SSCs) in newborn chicken testicular cell cultures were positive for alkaline phosphatase activity and also expressed specific markers including DAZL, STRA-8, CVH, PLZF, SPRY-1, GFRα1, GDNF, POU5F1, NANOG, GPR125, THY-1, c-KIT, and BCL6B, at mRNA level. Moreover, these cells expressed POU5F1 and GPR125 proteins as reliable intracellular and cell surface markers, respectively; whereas they were negative for SSEA-1. Furthermore, we showed that newborn chicken colony-forming cells had spermatogenesis potential and thus could be produced sperm-like cells in a three-dimensional matrix in vitro. In conclusion, this study reports novel insights into the molecular signature of newborn chicken SSCs in comparison with mammalian SSCs and for the first time we report a successful protocol for in vitro spermatogenesis and thus production of sperm-like cells from newborn chicken testicular cell cultures.

This study focused on potential of vitamin C loaded human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles for treatment of wound. Nanocarrier were prepared and assessed for their effect on growth of 3T3 fibroblast cells, cell migration, wound healing rate and expression of miR-155, TGF-β1 and SMAD 1,2 genes. Wound healing assay was done and wounds were treated with vitamin C loaded HSA nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were prepared with size and zeta potential of 180±6 and -29 mV, respectively. Vitamin C loaded HSA nanoparticles showed controlled release of vitamin C into the buffer solution. Also, yield and encapsulation efficacy of loaded nanoparticles were obtained as 70.6 and 52.1 %, respectively. MTT results showed that the growth of 3T3 fibroblast cells was promoted in culture medium with 20 µg/ml of vitamin C loaded HSA nanoparticles. Cell migration assay indicated the positive effect of loaded nanoparticles on wound healing. The in-vivo results showed that the rate of wound healing was increased after treatment with 20 µg/ml of vitamin C loaded HSA nanoparticles. The wounds were healed faster when treated with vitamin C loaded HSA nanoparticles in comparison with control group. The expression of miR-155 was downregulated after treatment. Furthermore, expression of TGF-β1 and SMAD 1,2 were increased while the wounds were treated with these nanoparticles. In conclusion, these results showed for the first time that wounds were healed after treatment with albumin nanocarrier loaded with vitamin C. This nanocarrier changed expression of miR-155 and TGF-β1 towards faster healing of wounds.

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