The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological and temperature changes of the apical portion of human extracted teeth treated by Nd: YAG, CO2 and Argon-lasers. Seventy-two single-rooted human teeth were studied. The root canals were prepared conventionally. Laser treatment of the apical portion of the canal was carried out by means of an optic fiber or metal tip. Temperatures were recorded thermographically. Two-thirds of the specimens were stained with black India ink and 36% silver ammonium fluoride solution. All specimens were irradiated by the three types of lasers at several intensities and the temperatures were recorded. Half of the specimens were prepared for the telescopic light microscope and for scanning electron microscopic observation, and the rest for histopathological examination by light microscope. The scanning electron microscopic evaluation showed that the laser energy vaporized the deposited debris, producing a glaze-like surface. The histopathological investigation revealed a tapered, enlarged apical lased area. All three laser devices were capable of vaporizing the debris in this way but the degree of morphological change was highly dependent on energy level and duration. The Argon-laser produced the highest temperatures.
As the importance attributed to conservative endodontic treatment increases manifold, pulp revascularization represents a recent and promising therapy for immature teeth, highly recommended as an alternative to apexification in cases of endodontic treatment of irreversible pulpitis and pulp necrosis, whether or not associated with periapical lesion. This review is an attempt towards the recommendation of revascularization as an alternative to apexification. KEYWORDS: Revascularization, Apexification, Regenerative endodontics, SCAP, Triple antibiotic paste
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging technology that can visualize nail morphology in diseases such as psoriatic arthritis or onychomycosis. We recommend removal of glitter nail art to properly assess nail pathology and decrease diagnostic delay.
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